Personal Narrative

Individual Narrative-Helping Others Essay Individual Narrative-Helping Others Declining ways of life and proceeding with exportation of our employments have brought about rising feelings of anxiety for all Americans. This outcomes in negative impacts on our prosperity †intellectually, genuinely and inwardly. A few people try to decrease feelings of anxiety by utilizing liquor and medications. Some exhaust themselves, bringing about mental breakdowns. The pharmaceutical goliaths pocket billions of dollars a year from deals of sedatives, antidepressants, barbiturates, amphetamines, and other psychoactive meds. We realize we should figure out how to control worry in more secure, saner, and more beneficial ways. So we read about Yoga or Aromatherapy, or perhaps Feng Shui. We consider doing pressure the board courses. We attempt to get more exercise and outside air. We check for additives and different added substances in our nourishments, and stock up on multi-nutrients. All helpful and beneficial thoughts. Be that as it may, one pressure buster that we don’t hear much about is helping other people. A cherishing or steady act, spontaneous and unrestricted, can light up another’s life and come back to us as happiness and a feeling of prosperity. At the point when we include ourselves in helping another person, we defeat the conceited idea of our own tensions. Living in enormous focuses of populace, as such a large number of us do, regularly implies that we come up short on the collaboration and co-activity with neighbors which would have been so much a piece of my grandparents’ lives. It’s justifiable, I assume, that continually feeling our space attacked, we make a special effort to save a type of security and wind up cutting ourselves off from individuals who live just yards from us. Then again, for those of us who approach it, the Internet has brought an entire n. .y own heart is its battling for the benefit of the â€Å"unknowns† †those detainees who are tormented or in danger of death in dark conditions, and whose names once in a while arrive at the global media. You can find out about a portion of these edgy individuals at www.stoptorture.org. The scholar Reinhold Niebuhr authored a definitive articulation of strengthening: (God) award me the tranquility to acknowledge the things I can't change, fearlessness to change the things I can, and the intelligence to know the distinction. By joining in Amnesty’s work, we can change things. By each sending an Amnesty Stop Torture postcard to five companions, together we can possibly add thousands to the rundown enrollment and continually increment their impact. Would you be able to envision what number of lives could be changed, or even spared, if we all indicated somebody detained and overlooked that we truly care?

IDS compares Essay Example for Free

IDS looks at Essay These strategies typically base their presentation on two location standards as the primary assaults notwithstanding whether they are arrange or hot based design. A portion of these models are the abuse identification models and peculiarity discovery models. The abuse discovery model, the IDS thinks about the new arrangements of the parameters in the info. The application coordinates the orders of the HTTP convention where a database of marks which imply the assaults that have been distinguished and characterized before is known (Aquino et al, 2008). This model amends and improves the problematic orders when it encounters assaults. The abuse discovery model isn't the best model to be utilized and it’s utilized as an option for proficiency in the medium. It very well may be lead to the new varieties of the assaults experienced before to escape the system security. The inconsistency identification model identifies interference via looking through irregular system traffic. It distinguishes deviation by discovering designs on information from web (Aquino et al, 2008). Model The testing of multilayer feed forward system should be possible utilizing two layers which are covered up and have15 neurons each and a 5 yield neurons for a 5 potential assaults. The system is then furnished with an adaptable transmission calculation with the neurons being sigmoid. In the wake of being prepared with a dataset of 70 % it arrives at an anticipated mistake focus of 0. endless supply of the preparation succession. While picking the quantity of neurons per shrouded layer, the computation is finished by deducting the quantity of neurons in the yield layer from the quantity of contributions to the framework (Aquino et al, 2008). Focal points and Disadvantages Voip convention is a security framework which is structured so that it advances the correspondence of aural by the utilization of web (Millions, 2008). Contrasting Voip (Voice over Internet Protocol) to other security conventions, there are various focal points which settles on Voip remain the decision of numerous in the current world. In this way, Voice over Internet Protocol is effective with regards to their expense. Voip utilizes open exchanged phone arrange. The IPSec makes sure about the low level framework bundles all together for the arrangement of PCs to be ensured over unreliable channels which are comprehensive of web and recruit lines. Voip can without much of a stretch include more lines though different conventions can't. It is difficult to break into the wellbeing of the framework particularly when there is encryption. Once there is power disappointment telephones can even now be utilized (Millions, 2008). Hindrances There is event of burdens in the structure once there is an enormous downpour of data being moved in Voip. There is likewise a chance of jitter information move problem event in the framework if the correct insurances are not taken. Because of trouble in the movement of data, this can result to low update prevalence. Hence, this can result into disappointment of the voice for the last buyers (Millions, 2008). Cryptanalysis Report Organizations are confronted with the issue of getting scrambled messages from their customers. So as to help the customers, associations need to see how to decode the encoded messages. By and large, the administration of the association and the customers for the most part utilize a solitary key otherwise called the private-key in the encryption and the decoding of the messages. This sort of encryption is known as even encryption and is broadly utilized by numerous individuals. The first message is generally alluded to as a plaintext while the encoded message is alluded to as a ciphertext (Brown, 2007, p. 4). In symmetric calculation, a similar key is utilized for both the encryption and the decoding procedure (Vajda, 2003, p.3). The calculation that the sender utilizes for changing the plaintext to a ciphertext is known as figure. Since Charles Smith, a full-time partner in McKay IT administration went on an excursion for work without conveying the logbook of the security conventions, there is need of utilizing the procedure of cryptanalysis. This is strategy for code breaking the ciphertext without the utilization of the private key (Brown, 2007, p. 4). The procedure by which a unique message is scrambled is appeared by the recipe E (M) = C. in which E is the capacity of encryption, M is the message and C is the Ciphertext. For unscrambling the ciphertext, the beneficiary needs to utilize the recipe D (C) = M in order to get the first message. In which D is the capacity of decoding, C is the Ciphertext and M is the first message (Vajda, 2003, p. 1). The calculations of encryption and decoding utilize the private key known to the sender and the recipient as it were. In this way, the best possible recipe to use in both the encryption and unscrambling process is C = EK (M) and M = DK (C) in which K is the private Key (Vajda, 2003, p. 1). Cryptanalytic assaults happen when an individual endeavors a cryptanalysis of a ciphertext (Vajda, 2003, p. 3). There are various sorts of cryptanalytic assaults from the sender. Be that as it may, with the end goal of this examination, the ciphertext just assault will be utilized. This is on the grounds that Charles and I as the expert just know the ciphertext (Brown, 2007, p. 9). An individual can utilize animal power search during the time spent cryptanalysis by attempting every potential keys (Brown, 2007, p. 11). Plaintext letter are typically subbed by number, images or much other letter to frame the ciphertext. For this situation, ciphertext that have been sent by the customer has been supplanted by different letters as appeared For a powerful cryptanalysis, one has to know the sort of figure that was utilized. One ought to likewise quantify the multifaceted nature of the assault to guarantee viable cryptanalysis, for example, unpredictability of the information. Unpredictability of the information is the information sum that should be unscrambled. The multifaceted nature of the procedure additionally should be estimated, for example, the time required for playing out the assault. In conclusion, one needs to have enough stockpiling memory for the playing out the assault (Vajda, 2003, p. 6). In ciphertext just assaults, given that C1 = Ek (P1) and Ci = Ek (Pi). In finding P1 and Pi, Ci + 1 = Ek (Pi + 1). In cases, where the ciphertext just is accessible, it is difficult to recuperate the plaintext. Hence one can utilize the cryptanalysis of the Caesar figure by attempting the conceivable 25 movements of keys so as to substitute the letters in the ciphertext to get the plaintext (Brown, 2007). One method of evading the cryptanalysis is by guaranteeing that the private key is just known to the sender and the collector of the message. Individuals ought to likewise guarantee that while sending the encoded, they give the sender the trace of the key utilized. End Proper models of PC security conventions have been proposed all through the conversation. Assaults in the framework security conventions can be identified by the utilization of various models. These models incorporate the abuse discovery models and peculiarity location models. The assaults that impact the conventions lead to delays in the security framework. Administrations can be denied through a beast power assault on the server handling speed or the band width. In the event that the security capability of the server has some portion of it as verification esteem, at that point the calculation is vital in light of each capability demand which is substantial. References Alarcon-Aquino, V. , Mejia Sanchez, J. A. , Rosas-Romero, R. , Ramirez-Cruz, J. F. (2005). Recognizing and Classifying Attacks in Computer Networks Using Feed-forward and Elman Neural Networks. Procedures of the first European Conference on Computer Network Defense, EC2ND 2005. Ridges, UK: Springer Verlag. Aquino, V. A. , Clavel C. A. , Asomoza J. R, Starostenko, O. , Romero, R. R. (2008). Interruption location and Classification of assaults in High-Level Network conventions Using Recurrent Neural Networks. Recovered December 18, 2008, from http://www.articleworld.org/Technology

30 More Life Lessons From 30 Years

30 More Life Lessons From 30 Years Yesterday (October 23) was my 30th birthday. The big three-oh. To celebrate, heres another 30 life lessons to accompany Joshuas 30 Life Lessons. Oh, and please, whatever you do, dont get me any birthday gifts. 1. Its not about how people feel about you, but how you make them feel. From grade school through my freshman year in high school,  I was chubby, I was crooked-toothed, and I had low self-esteem. I was very concerned with how I looked, and I was even more concerned with how people saw me. Unfortunately, looks were everything for me; plus, I was constantly worried about hanging out with the cool kids. In fact, looking back on my friend choices, I remember blowing off some great people because they werent what I considered cool. Growing older has shown me the cool kids arent always the happy kids. I realized  what people think about you isnt nearly as important as how you make them feel. 2. Consider all advice. Oh, if I knew then what I know now.  I cant tell you how many times I heard that from my parents and grandparents growing up. Now, at age 30, I completely understand what they meant. Its amazing how much smarter our parents appear as we we get older. In many instances, if I had listened to my parents and grandparents advice, I could have avoided learning lessons the hard way. When I realized this, I told myself that even if I didnt agree with what someone was telling me, I would at least consider their advice. Thankfully, this has forced me to look into the mirror to consider what I must change. 3. Happiness comes from within. As we have written in our essays, letting our possessions define who we were quickly led to an empty feeling inside. We realized that happiness comes from within, not from the things we own. 4. Youll never be happy with more until youre happy with what you have currently. Its as simple as that. In most cases, I discovered I usually dont get rewarded in life with more until I appreciate what I have currently. 5. Forgiveness is incredibly important. I did a really good job holding grudges and keeping count of who wronged me. There is a profound saying in the bible: Freely forgive others as you forgive yourself.  When I learned how to let things go and easily forgive others, I was a much happier person. In fact, I found the bigger the wrong I forgave, the better I felt. 6. You can count your closest friends on one hand. This is also something I remember my parents and grandparents saying while I was growing up. They were right. As you grow older you find out who is actually your friend and who isnt. 7. Being honest is always the right thing. This is something I learned on accident when admitting to my grandmother that I snuck into her liquor cabinet.  I was eighteen at the time, and I was living with her. She told me if I lied to her when she asked me if it was true or not, she was going to ask me to leave her house because she wouldnt be able to trust me. Even when I have royally screwed up in life, I have found honesty punishes me less and gains trust more. 8. If you lie, you will get caught. This is very true for my life. Plus, if you lie, you will probably have to tell more lies to cover up the original lie. Its a vicious cycle. 9. Although honesty is important, I dont have to be completely transparent. Ive always had this tendency to wear my heart on my sleeve and be very blunt with my comments. Ive learned that just because something is true, I dont have to say itâ€"I neednt spew forth every thought that enters my head. 10. People are inherently good. I have been lied to, picked on, and treated badly many times, which has caused me to be a bit cynical and expect the worst out of people. This year I finally realized that even the people whove treated me poorly are still good at some level. None of us are perfect. This has helped me be less cynical. 11. Slow down. This is something I continue to work on improving: we all need to slow down, breathe, and pace ourselves when we get overwhelmed. 12. Friendly people at work arent necessarily your friends. This is another lesson learned the hard way. Be careful whom you open up to at work. 13. Stay true to yourself. If it doesnt feel right, if it doesnt feel good, if it doesnt feel like youâ€"then dont do it. Im much happier when I follow this advice. 14. Every decision matters. This is something I attempt to instill in my brothers and sisters who are still in high school. Every decision we make affects our future: there is no such thing as a zero-sum decision. 15. There is no such thing as a free lunch. Every decision we make costs us something: be it time, emotion, money, etc. 16. Act as if This is a line from the movie Boiler Room. It has stuck with me since I watched that movie over a decade ago. This could also be interpreted as: “Be the change in the world you want to be.  Either way, this line has helped me throughout my life. 17. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.  â€"Eleanor Roosevelt. You neednt care what people think or say about you. What they say or think is only true if you believe its true. Dont let anyone get the best of you. 18. Some of lifes most profound advice is found in platitudes. You can be anything you want to be,  Lifes too short,  Time heals all wounds,  Good things come to all those that wait,  etc. Dont dismiss it just because its a platitude. 19. Dont sweat the small stuff. This is something I have really appreciated with getting older. Its easier for me to avoid jealousy, its easier for me to forgive, and its easier for me to overlook the negative things in life. 20. Its all small stuff. Until you have a few life-changing experiences, this isnt clear. I have had a few close calls with myself, friends, and family which have shown me how small my problems are. 21. If you dont take care of your health, it will fade fast. I dont think I need to articulate this one any more. If youre over 30, you know exactly what Im talking about. 22. Relationships are important. This lesson brings up all kinds of cliched thoughts. First, its all about who you knowâ€"who you know can get you far. Second, relationships require workâ€"this became especially apparent after reflecting upon my relationships with past girlfriends. Knowing this has helped me tremendously with my current girlfriend: I have more patience. Third, dont burn a bridge with another person if you can avoid it: you never know who will decide your fate. 23. Live life with passion. If I didnt have passion in my life, I would be bored to death. If youre bored, focus on your passions. If you dont have time for your passions, make time. 24. If youre not growing, youre dying. If youre not growing in life, you are simply living out your days. 25. Contribute. Contributing to someone else, or to a community, will make you feel good. Contribution is what makes me feel the most alive. Contributing to others keeps me going, gets me up in the mornings, and continues to inspire me. 26. In twenty years you will regret the things you didnt do more than the things you did do. This is something I continually remind myself. Let’s take my bachelor’s degree, for example: when I was 25 and without a degree, I asked myself if I wanted to have my degree by the time I was 30, or did I want to be 30 wishing I had my degree. I dont necessarily need it right now, but Im glad I started on it when I was 25 and not 30. 27. Life is happening now! I let this slip. When I came home from work, I forgot. When I stayed up late working tirelessly for my bosses, I forgot. When I commuted over an hour to work, I forgot. Dont forget to live life in the moment. 28. Learn to let go. This was a hard lesson for me, but it serves true. Sometimes its just better to let things go. I could go on and on about how my employer wronged me, or how that guy cut me off, or how I wanted to be a CEO in ten years, but in reality none of that matters. 29. Everything changes. Things dont look different day-to-day, but when you look back ten years its all different. There is one thing thats certain: change is an absolute, and we should plan accordingly. Dont fool yourself. 30. Procrastination is useless. This is a big one for me. I realized that no matter how long I put something off, its still there the next day. Imagine that. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Cuban Writer Reinaldo Arenas - 1499 Words

During an interview in 1983, printed in the New Yorker just last year, Reinaldo Arenas was asked, â€Å"Does a writer have a duty to himself and to society?† Arenas replies that it is indeed the job of the writer to write their best, but defines that as â€Å"when a writer writes, he’s always referring to a social and historical context.† Arenas was a Cuban writer, exiled for being openly homosexual and rebelling against the Cuban government through his written works. He was also very autobiographical in his work, and as it would appear in his New Yorker interview, this is where his passion and writing flourished. Reinaldo Arenas used his own marginalized voice as openly homosexual man in Cuba and commentary on Castro’s regime to challenge the†¦show more content†¦Castro’s revolution placed the utmost importance on the society and called for a surrender of the individual. By 1965, Castro created UMAP camps (Military Units to Assist Producti on), which were agricultural labor camps operated by the Cuban government. The camp’s inmates consisted of gay men and any other â€Å"counterrevolutionary† kind of people. It was in one of these camps where Arenas placed his fictional character, Arturo, in his story â€Å"The Brightest Star.† This is a fictional story of Arturo’s experience in one of these labor camps. Arenas’ motivation for writing is very apparent in this work as he, as opposed to the Cuban regime, is in full support of the individual and their right to express themselves even in a very oppressed state, in this specific case a labor camp. Arturo is a dreamer and uses his writing to create and alternative world to rise above the real world oppression. When Arturo was first selected to be taken to the camp, Arenas employs the use of gay stereotypes by the officials in choosing who to arrest, â€Å"young men being carried out these days under the absurd pretext that one young mans hair was too long, or that another wore clothes of a certain cut or (most fatal) exhibited certain telling traits, had certain ‘mannerisms’† (65). The guards in the labor camp, as mostShow MoreRelatedBefore Night Falls Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesFalls In the novel, Before Night Falls by Reinaldo Arenas who lived from 1943 to 1990, the author conveys many subjects and captures the reader to the full extent. Reinaldo Arenas, the author and the person who lived the experience writes this book for us in hopes of capturing our feelings and sympathy of the Cuban Revolution. Arenas wrote over twenty books, including ten novels and numerous short stories and poems. Arenas was not the only writer affected though as he states that, â€Å"All the literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of Reinaldo Arenas And The Cuban Revolution1656 Words   |  7 PagesReinaldo Arenas lived and in an era of great oppression known as the Cuban Revolution, which he helped bring to power in 1959. If understood precisely, the short-story is really complex to percept. The conduct of characters is by all accounts absurdly improper and past any laws of human spirit and sound judgment. Luckily, the suggestion to the Cuban Revolution and the creator s disposition to it ge t to be evident from the first paragraphs. Death not only signifies sorrow but can also be freedom

The Write to Santa Program in Canada

More than 6,000 Canada Post volunteers, both staff, and retirees help the Jolly Old Elf with Canada Posts Write to Santa program. Every year, over a million children from all around the world, take advantage of the program by writing to Santa and receiving a personal reply. Letters are answered in the language in which the letter was written, including Braille. Requirements for Letters to Santa Via Canada Post All mail should include a full return address so Santa can answer. Be sure to mail your letter so it gets to Santa before December 14.  Santas mailing address is: Santa ClausNorth PoleH0H 0H0Canada No postage is required for letters to Santa from Canada. However, from other countries, you will need to mail them with the appropriate postage for your country to deliver the envelope to Canada where Santa and his helpers can receive it and reply. Canada Post asks parents to make sure letters to Santa do not include treats for Santa, like cookies. For the fastest delivery to Canada from other countries, its best to use standard sized envelopes and ensure you have placed the correct postage. Santa does not have an email address, according to Canada Post. You will need to send him paper mail. Receiving a Reply From Santa If you send your mail from Canada by early December, you should receive a reply in the mail by December 14, according to Canada Mail. If you dont get a reply, send another letter before December 14. Mail sent by December 14 should have a reply back to your child by December 24. Replies to other countries may take longer as they are dependent on the delivery by the mail systems of those countries.   Getting Creative With Your Childs Letter to Santa Santa and his helpers are happy to see your childs wish list. But you can enliven your letter with pictures, drawings, funny jokes, and stories telling about your childs favorite games, sports, friends, pets, and other details. This helps  brighten the mail and make it easier for Santa and his elves to craft a personal response that will delight your child. It can be a fun experience to help your child write the letter and explore what excites them and what they find most interesting in their lives. Tips for Teachers In order for Santa to write the best letters, his elves need some information about each child. Teachers may check with Media Relations at Canada Post to find templates and checklists to complete a class package of letters to Santa. Yearly requirements and tips are often released in mid-November.   To make sure your students get a response before schools and daycares break for the holidays, mail your classroom letters by December 8. Note that this date may change from year to year, depending on where weekends fall and the volume of letters experienced.

New Media Audiences and Technologies Free Essays

string(170) " its huge army of volunteers and their simple type and publish weblog mechanisms, finally found its voice, and delivered in a way the established media simply could not\." Introduction and Aims New technologies are a poisoned chalice for newspaper journalists and their audiences: at once equipping journalists with the resources they need to compete in the 21st century but at the same time threatening their very survival and forcing newspaper insiders to contemplate what Robert Rosenthal, the former Managing Editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, called: â€Å"the greatest upheaval our industry and the institution of journalism has ever faced† (Beckett 2008, p.9). I have chosen newspapers as the basis of my inquiry into new technologies because it is a medium which some have observed to be in terminal decline due to flat lining circulations (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2010), merciless redundancies (Beckett 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on New Media Audiences and Technologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now 27) and of course the rise of online journalism and new technologies (Bardoel 1999, p.379), one aspect of which is User Generated Content such as Youtube or Twitter where the audience is both a user and a producer of content (Birdsall 2007, p.1284). Web 2.0 technology has forced many commentators to reassess the ways in which both audience and audiences are understood (Nightingale 2011, p.7). We currently live in a time when both print and online newspapers exist side-by-side and in some respects we have our feet in both the last remnants of the industrial wave of technology and what has been identified by some commentators as the â€Å"information society† (Toffler 1980). Two related aspects of the decline of newspapers is the rise of online journalism and the advent of citizen journalism enabled by new technologies and symbolized by the Korean online newspaper OhmyNews. The specific focus of the secondary research and this report is citizen-journalism and User Generated Content (UGC) and their effect on media audience theories with comparison to newspapers and the traditional models of audience research which describe common features: â€Å"vertical, top-down, passive, one-way flow of information† (Birdsall 2007, p.1284). UGC comes in many different forms of course and, although as pointed out above Web 2.0 has forced many commentators to reassess media au dience theory (Nightingale, 2010 p.7), there is a lack of scrutiny of citizen journalism in media audience theories. This report hopes principally to correct some of this imbalance. The aim of this report is consequently to understand whether the traditional understanding of the media audience applies to UGC and online journalism and if not, which theory can best be applied to them without falling foul of â€Å"technological determinism† (Bardoel 1999, p.386). The core structural components of audience theory, adopting the words of Nightingale (2011), can be distilled to firstly the active passive dimension and the micro-macro dimension. Both of these dialectics can explain UGC to a large extent and the work of both Nightingale (2011) and Jenkins (1999) will both be examined to see if new media and UGC can be located within present theories of audiences and indeed whether the term â€Å"audience† is still a useful term: will the death of newspapers also bring about the death of the traditional passive audience (Lievrouw Livingstone, 2006, p.27 Valdivia, 2005, p.353)? 2.0Context (a) Traditional audience theory and definitions It is Nightingale’s (2011) analysis of the two dimensions of audience theory which is adopted for the purpose of this report and have been described usefully by Littlejohn as firstly a tension between â€Å"the idea that the audience is a mass public versus the idea that it is a small community,† and the tension between â€Å"the idea that the audience is passive versus the belief that it is active† (1996, p.310). This dual framework is a useful starting point for understanding what is now commonly perceived to be the old model and the new interactive world of UGC (Nightingale 2011, p.191). The traditional model is recognized as being one-directional and it is McQuail who produces a classic definition: â€Å"the audience concept implies an attentive, receptive but relatively passive set of listeners or spectators assembled in a more or less public setting† (McQuail, 2010 p.391). When offering a definition for audience theories McQuail puts forward three cr iteria: people, medium or channel, the content of the message(s) and time (Ibid). McQuail himself concedes, however, that Nightingale’s definition is best suited to the new media environment and implicitly acknowledges that his own definition is becoming redundant in the face of diversity. Nightingale’s definition runs as follows and embraces audience interactions: â€Å"Audience as ‘the people assembled’†¦audience as the ‘people addressed’†¦audience as ‘happening’†¦audience as ‘hearing or audition’†. (Quoted from MacQuail 2011, p.399) (b) UGC and the decline of newspapers: According to Allan (2006) it was a speech made by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 2005 which heralded the death of the newspaper, at least in its paper and ink format, in the irresistible current of new technology. As noted above there are many explanations for the demise of the print newspaper but chief among them are flat lining circulations (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2010), merciless redundancies (Beckett 2008, p.27) and of course the rise of online journalism and new technologies (Bardoel 1999, p.379). User Generated Content (UGC) has, in the opinion of some, shifted the balance of power between consumer and the media by enabling the public to become more intimately involved with the process of deciding the content of news (Kucuka Krishnamurthy 2007). According to Redden Witschge (2011) however, there has been no such fundamental rebalancing to the consumer or even to the audience as ultimately it is the editor and the journalist who retains control. T his approach is echoed by the experience of OhmyNews in citizen journalism where editorial control is retained (Kim and Hamilton 2006 p. 542). According to Bevans (2008), UGC is any news related material produced by the public via the internet. UGC has enabled a very radical form of reporting to flourish: citizen journalism. This is a very new concept and as such there is a lack of analysis but the term first surfaced during the Indonesian tsunami and has grown rapidly ever since. Guardian blogger Neil Mcintosh saw this as a pivotal moment: â€Å"†¦ for those watching this small, comparatively insignificant world of media, this may also be remembered as a time when citizen reporting, through the force of its huge army of volunteers and their simple type and publish weblog mechanisms, finally found its voice, and delivered in a way the established media simply could not. You read "New Media Audiences and Technologies" in category "Essay examples"† (Guardian Unlimited News Blog, 4 January 2005). 3.0 Methodology I have focused on existing research and scholarship for this report and have drawn sources from the leading theorists in media audiences as well as those commentators who described the death of print newspapers and the advent of UGC and citizen journalism. I have drawn the sources widely from books, journals and websites. I chose this methodology because I felt that small-scale empirical research would be unsatisfactory in firstly giving any kind of indication of whether or not present theories of audiences can be applied to UGC which is absolutely crucial to the focus of this work. The conceptual difficulties behind adopting any kind of surveys or any kind of qualitative research would be manifest and would have to be conducted on a much larger scale than a report of 2,000 words can allow. Furthermore this particular issue is one which can only be understood with a comprehensive look at past scholarship on media audiences. As pointed out above many commentators shy away from technol ogical determinism in hailing a new epoch and so try to explain UGC in terms of existing audience theory. 4.0 Findings and Analysis I will present the findings and analyse UGC and citizen journalism from the two dimensions elicited above from Nightingale’s (2011) framework: (a) Active passive dimension The most obvious manifestation of this dialectic where the audience is deemed to be passive is media effects research which is concerned with the negative effects of media upon the consumer. Jones Jones (1999) use the example of War of the Worlds when a radio broadcast induced panic in a huge number of radio listeners who passively bore the message without, for example, questioning its meaning. On the flip side of the coin active audiences have been well documented with Robert Fisk arguing as early as 1987 that meaning is fluid and not fixed (1987, p.14). The uses and gratification theory, which focuses on what the audience do with the message itself, was articulated by Katz, Gumler and Gurevitch (1974) and also falls under the umbrella of an active audience as classically understood. Nightingale notes that the significance of this research is not just the emphasis but the reversal of the sender-message-receiver model (1996, p.8). But what place do interaction and participation haveNightingale argues that both of these signifiers of UGC are underneath the active audience aspect with the latter encompassing participation both â€Å"in† and â€Å"through† the media. Mass media are traditionally seen, by contrast to new media, as being good for representation but terrible for participation (Peters 1993, p.566). The participation of non-professionals in the production of media output and decision making comes under the â€Å"in† of Nightingale’s model while broader issues such as self-representation in public spheres come under the â€Å"through† aspect. This latter aspect is very much a part of the Habermassian public sphere: â€Å"a network for communicating information and points of view† (Habermas 1996, p.360). The â€Å"public sphere† is where the mutual clash of arguments lends validity to democracy and importantly the web 2.0 and UGC has created an army of pr oducers who both use and create and are, in the words of Friedman, â€Å"empowered† (2005, p.9). The implication of this empowerment in a virtual space which is governed by no one nation or company is profound for audience research: â€Å"The result is that participatory media technologies that allow for the creation and distribution of user-generated content overturn traditional notions of all-powerful news media that define and restrict a largely passive audience. In other words, traditional power dynamics that separate sender and receiver are shifting and blurring.† (Anthony Thomas 2010, p.1283). (b) Micro-macro dimension This dimension, described by the tension between a mass public and a small community (Littlejohn 1996), a micro dimension and a macro dimension, has many constituent parts to it but what is consistent is that the old mass media thinking which has the audience as an unreconstructed mass is redundant when considering new media and its highly interrelated small communities, each with their own â€Å"values, ideas and interests† (1996, p.311). The model, represented by a triangle and first created by Bardoel (1995), has a so-called â€Å"meso-level† in the middle which, according to Nightingale (2011, p.197) is very rare and leads to â€Å"a definition of the audience as an organized audience†. Labour Unions, cultural groups and political parties are all within this â€Å"meso-level† of organization while at the top there resides the traditional mass media and at the bottom the new forms of interactive communication technology (Bardoel 1999, p.386). (c) Analysis It is clear that UGC and citizen journalism can be located within these traditional theories and it is not necessary to fall, in the words of Bardoel (1999, 385), into the trap of technological determinism. This is backed up by Redden Witschge (2011) who assert that the balance of power has not shifted fundamentally towards the consumer or the audience and finds resonance with Nightingale who also argues that UGC can be located without problem within existing audience theory: â€Å"If we look at the passive-active dimension of audience theory, it is hardly a surprising conclusion that UGC remains very well embedded within this debate† (2011, p.204). As we have seen the active strand hides the participation and interaction which is the hallmark of UGC and it is possible even to see that passive elements hidden in UGC such as those who simply spectate (ibid p.205). Regarding the second dimension it is also no surprise that UGC can fall within its boundaries. Nightingale (2011) uses the concept of blogging to highlight the fact that the blogosphere is considered to be a community. Further analogies can be drawn with, for example, the â€Å"facebook community† (Guardian website, 2011). Can the same be said of citizen journalismThere is certainly a community of citizen journalists but going too far and saying that such â€Å"journalists† are completely active in formulating the stories is illusory as journalists, even at OhmyNews, still retain ultimate control over the process as gatekeepers (Kim and Hamilton 2006 p. 542). Conclusions (a) Main Conclusions In conclusion it is premature to say that UGC has ignited a new communication revolution: traditional theories of audience research are able to fit new media under their wing and this suggests that the new relationships will not replace older communications relationships but add to them albeit resulting in a more crowded spectrum. Citizen journalism is a rational extension of UGC but to say it truly empowers citizens is illusory as journalists retain ultimate control. Although traditional print media is in decline it is by no means certain that citizen journalism will replace it but rather complement it: the death of newspapers has been exaggerated. (b) Gaps in the research There is currently a significant lack of research concerning UGC and a lack of understanding of citizen journalism. Ideally future research would interview members of these communities to establish how truly independent and participative they are to establish where they are on Bardoel’s pyramid (1995). The term â€Å"audience† is redundant. A more convincing etymology needs to be divined in order to move forward. As Lieuvrow notes the term is too broad, too individualistic and too material (p.8). UGC and citizen journalism are still in their infancy and so future research should wait until they are both established in society. Bibliography Books (1) Allan, Stuart (2006) Online News Berkshire Open University Press (2) Atton and Hamilton (2008) Alternative Journalism London SAGE (3) Bardoel (1999) ‘Beyond Journalism’ in Tumber, Howard (ed) News: A Reader Oxford uni press: worldwide (5) Beckett, Charlie (2008) SuperMedia: saving journalism so it can save the world Blackwell (7) Fiske, John (1987) ‘British Cultural Studies and Television’ in Allen, Robert (ed) Channels of Discourse chapel hill: University of Carolina press (8) Friedman (2005) The World is Flat Farrar, Strauss and Giroux: worldwide (9) Habermas, Jurgen (1996) Between Facts and Norms Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (10) Jenkins, H. (1999) ‘The Work of Theory in the Age of Digital Transformation’ In T. Miller and R. Stam (eds.), A Companion to Film Theory. London: Blackwell, 234-261. (11) Jones Jones (1999) Mass Media Macmillan (12) Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M. (1974). Ulilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler, E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–32). Beverly Hills: Sage (13) Kucuka Krishnamurthy (2007) ‘An analysis of consumer power on the. Internet’ Technovation issue 27 pp47- 56. (14) Lievrouw Livingstone (2006) Handbook of New Media Sage: London, California New Delhi (15) Littlejohn, S. W. (1996). Theories of human communication, New York: Wadsworth. (16) McQuail (2010) 6th ed Mass Communication Theory Sage (18) Redden Witschge (2010) ‘A New News Order?’ in Fenton, Natalie (ed) New Media, Old News Sage: London, California, New Delhi (19) Toffler, Alvin (1980) The Third Wave Bantam Books USA (20) Valdivia (2005) A Companion to Media Studies Blackwell: USA, UK Australia Journals (21) Antony and Thomas (2010) ‘This is Citizen Journalism at its finest’ in New Media Society issue 12 p.1280 (22) Birdsall, William F. (2007) ‘Web 2.0 as a Social Movement’ in Webology, Volume 4, Number 2, June, 2007 (23) Hamilton, James W and Kim, Eun-Gyoo , (2006) ‘Capitulation to capitalOhmyNews as alernative media’ in Media Culture Society Volume 28, Number 4, July 2006 pp 551-560 (24) Peters, J.D (1993) ‘Distrust of Representation: Habermas on the Public Sphere’ in Media, Culture and Society issue 15(4) pp 541-71 Websites (25) OECD report on â€Å"the future of news and the internet† viewed on 13 December 2010 and available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3343,en_2649_33703_45449136_1_1_1_1,00.html (26) Mcintosh, Neil Guardian Unlimited News Blog, 4 January 2005 retrieved on 1st February 2011 and available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2005/jan/04/blogsnewplace How to cite New Media Audiences and Technologies, Essay examples

Public Health for Health Promotion Theory- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Health Promotion Theory. Answer: Public health program planning and evaluation have gained immense prominence in the recent past against the increasing incidences of public health issues. A rich pool of literature has drawn the attention of stakeholders on the needs of imbedding professionalism across diverse health disciplines who would be responsible for the development, implementation and evaluation of health programs in the near future. Public health program planning is to follow a set of guidelines that are based on the knowledge and experience of evaluators and planners (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 2014). Cragg (2013) points out that a number of models have emerged based on evidence that aims to chalk out a suitable public health program implementation and evaluation. Such models have been known to act as the framework based on which the planning process can be carried out. Two examples of such models are the Issel Model and the Hawe et al. Model. These models might have some common elements to them, but they ar e distinct from each other. Each phase of the models has their own set of importance and relevance to public health outcomes. The present essay is in public health program planning, implementation and evaluation, as explained through two models. The first part of the essay describes the Issel model and its five stages. The first stage of assessment of community needs and assets is critically reviewed, and its relation with other stages is established. The rationale between why it is a cyclical model is stated, and the model is compared with the Hawe et a. Model. Example from literature is cited for explaining the Issel model. The second part of the essay briefly describes the public health program Australian Indigenous Wellness Program in Australia and the importance of planning the program and implementing it. The end of the essay establishes the program strategies, objectives and goals and the importance of each of these three elements. A logical conclusion is provided at the end of the essay. Issel and Wells (2017) have put forward a constructive model for a public health program that has been refereed to as a foundational base for developing efficient public health programs across the world. The model proposed by Issel has been popular amongst its advocates due to its simplicity and relevance to modern day public health problems. It integrates the principles of resolutions to public health concerns into program operations. The aim is to uphold innovation and evidence-based practice for achieving outcome improvements and understanding program impacts. The idea is that a timely and in-detailed understanding of the further needs would save resources and help in achieving the objectives within a short span of time. This would thereby promote translation of program findings into practice. Guided by the different stages of the model, the primary approach of the programs can evolve with time. The model described by Issel allows strong collaboration between stakeholders to focus on common goals. The five stages of a public health program according to Issel are Assessment of community needs and assets; program planning; program implementation; program process evaluation and program effect evaluation. Going by the model laid by Issel, the initial stage of assessment of community needs and assets is the most crucial and important stage of a public health program. The purpose of such assessment is to learn and identify adequately the population of interest, the issues faced by the population, the trends in public health system, the major factors hindering the implementation of a public health program, the strengths of the population and the prospects of bringing improvement in the community based on the strengths. The group requiring special attention within the community would be the focus point. This phase involves the identification of the present situation of the community and the aspects that make the situation better or worse. The possible actions that can be taken for addressing the situation can be adjudged based on this data. The situational analysis of the needs of the community has to be accurate to the optimal extent in order to have a successful program (Brownson et al. 2017). The model proposed by Issel is outright a cyclical model, with the last phase of program effect evaluation being linked with a next level assessment of community needs and assets, the latter relying on the former one. This implies that the results of the program effect evaluation indicate whether there is a need for conducting a more detailed assessment of the community to understand its need. The other four stages of the model can follow after that as deemed fit. The model is distinct from the model proposed by Hawa and fellow researchers. (McKenzie et al. 2016). This model does not elaborate the phase of evaluation of the program, in contrast to the model of Issel. The number of tools and aids to be used for the evaluation phase is, therefore, less in number. In addition, the model of Issel has a major emphasis on program theory, unlike the model of Hawe. Program theory is a conceptual plan that has some details regarding how the program is expected to be carried out and what the p rogram is about. It is the comprehensive overview of the program. The model of Hawe does not emphasise on process theory and effect theory, the two prime components of program theory. It does not consider the relationship of interventions with a health problem to a detailed extent. Issel and Wells (2017) have outlined a brief example of how the public health model of Issel can be applied in practice. The program considers smoking cessation agenda. The needs of the community pertaining to the urgency of smoking cessation are to be analysed by collecting quantitative data that highlights the prevalence of smoking within the community. The next step would be to understand the factors that motivate individuals to quit smoking. The successive step would be to outline a program that ensures that individuals quit smoking within the desired time frame. The strategies need to be aligned with the objectives of the program and based on the assessment of needs and assets. For example, if the individual can be influenced by social media messages, this needs to be the focus of intervention. The following stage needs to evaluate whether the process of message dissemination is effective or not. This can be done by subjective data collection. The last stage would be to evaluate whether results of the program is effective. This can be done by collecting objective data reflecting the incidences of smoking cessation within the population in the set time frame. Australia has witnessed the implementation of a number of robust public health programs that address the diverse needs of the population at different levels. Oen such program that has drawn attention in recent times is the Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program). The program has the aim of preventing the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes among the Aboriginal communities of Western Australia. The vision of the program is to develop a sustainable community health plan that ensures that the aboriginal population is able to manage their own care with respect to diabetes. The program incorporates the prevention, management and care of diabetes. The program has been planned as a response to the diabetes prevalence among this population in Australia since diabetes leads to a huge social and economic burden for the country. The needs assessment of the population indicates that if diabetes is prevented to a considerable extent, the overall health burden c an be reduced. The impact that diabetes has on the community is targeted to be changed drastically in the coming years. The program has been established by the Caritas Australia's partner, Unity of First People of Australia (UFPA) which is an organisation dedicated to aboriginals for addressing a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes (Pressick et al. 2016). The Australian Indigenous Wellness Program has been implemented with some sound strategies in place. These strategies rest on the need for reducing the economic and social burden of diabetes. The elementary strategy considered by the program is lifestyle changes. Promotion of healthy lifestyles lies at the cornerstone of the program aimed at enhancing the lives of individuals living in remote areas. Activities are undertaken that utilises the strengths of the individuals and lead to a comprehensive spiritual, cultural and physical wellbeing. Education is provided through different stages, categorising individuals as per their needs. The care givers are supported with adequate resources, advocacy and training so that they can share their knowledge and achieve the desired program outcomes. The implementation of the program is done in such a manner that it integrates and coordinates approaches for eliminating diabetes. The prime guiding principles underpinning the programs goals include cooperation among stakeholders, facilitation of self-care, reduction of health inequalities and measurement of health outcomes (healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au 2017). According to Eldredge et al. (2016) any public health program must have a discreet set of program goal, objectives and strategies. Goals and objectives of the program are defined as the important standards and criteria against which the performance of the program can be examined. As per the authors, a program goal is the broad statement that defines the long-term expectation of the outcomes of the program. This is the desired result that the program would give rise to. Goals serve up as the basis of development of the objectives of the program. In this context, a program objective is a statement that describes the expected results of the program and how they arse to be achieved. Usually, a program has multiple objectives for a single goal. A program strategy consigns to the cautious planning of methods that acts as the tool for achieving the desired goals and objectives. It is an act of employing forces addressing the needs of the program so that the change can be brought about as de sired. Public health program goals, objectives and strategies are all intertwined and dependent on each other. All programs must have a clear understanding of where it emerges from; that is the goals and objectives. It must also be transparent about what it is striving to accomplish and how it can be accomplished; this is the strategy. Without objectives and goals there can be no outcomes, and without strategies, the goals and objectives are of no use. Strategies are the measurable aspect of the objectives and goals of the program. The items are exclusively measurable and are to be prearranged prior to the implementation of the program (Powell et al. 2017). While goals are the main desired outcome of the program, objectives are the measurable and specific results that the initiatives would have. They offer the specification about how much is to be achieved and by what time. In other words, the goals and more narrowed down by the objectives. Strategies provide direction and guidance for completing the program within the stipulated time. In addition, it facilitates the overall planning process of the program. The evaluation and monitoring of the program performance are facilitated to the optimal extent. Since the importance of a clear goal and set of objectives cannot be denied, they must not be overlooked while outlining these critical elements. Without goals and objectives, the strategies would wander without any aim (Sharma 2016). It is noted that program goals, objectives and strategies are interlinked and together ensure the success of the health program. Each of them provides the foundational ground for adjudging the achievement of the respective program. The success of the program can be thoroughly verified by aligning the results with project objectives, and right decision can be taken if strategies are to be reformed (Drain et al. 2017). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that public health programs can be conceptualised as a wide array of programmatic interventions spanning a wide social-ecological range, starting from individual level and reaching up to population level programs. Examples of successful public health programs have frequently been cited in the literature. Promoting a public health focus gives ample opportunities to exhibit the manner in which such programs target populations at different levels. The interventions and strategies behind them are unique in all respects. A wide range of concepts and practical tools are required for developing and evaluating public health programs that are considered by the evaluation consultants. The key findings from the evaluation are then to be disseminated in a manner that is understandable by the individuals of the community in order to bring about major changes pertaining to public health. Public health programs augment the interests of public heath adv ocates as they come forward as a multidisciplinary program teams to bring positive changes. A number of public health program models have been discussed in contemporary literature, each with a distinct set of salient features. Two such models include the model proposed by Issel and the one proposed by Hawe. The former model is an elaborated health program model with each stage resting on a number of principles. Though the Isser model is complicated owing to the extensive number of detailed stages, it can be commented that is a more advanced model as compared to that of Hawe model. A number of health programs are present in Australia in recent times that address the diverse needs of the population. One such program is Australian Indigenous Wellness Program that aims to reduce the prevalence of diabetes among the aboriginal population. The program is famous since it has a defined and transparent set of goals and measurable objectives. The importance of program goals and objectives are imperative and strategies to achieve the results have to be completely aligned with the objectives. Public health programs might face a number of challenges in its implementation phase, which are to be overcome through rigouros evaluation of the process and outcomes measures. It is expected that with the application of modern and advanced models, public health programs would achieve new heights. References Brownson, R.C., Baker, E.A., Deshpande, A.D. and Gillespie, K.N., 2017.Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press. Cragg, L. ed., 2013.Health promotion theory. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Drain, P.K., Mock, C., Toole, D., Rosenwald, A., Jehn, M., Csordas, T., Ferguson, L., Waggett, C., Obidoa, C. and Wasserheit, J.N., 2017. The emergence of undergraduate majors in global health: systematic review of programs and recommendations for future directions.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,96(1), pp.16-23. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S., 2016.Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. (2017).Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program) Programs and projects Key resources Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. [online] Available at: https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/programs-projects?pid=345 [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. Issel, L.M. and Wells, R., 2017.Health program planning and evaluation. Jones Bartlett Learning. McKenzie, J.F., Pinger, R.R. and Seabert, D., 2016.An introduction to community public health. Jones Bartlett Learning. Powell, B.J., Beidas, R.S., Lewis, C.C., Aarons, G.A., McMillen, J.C., Proctor, E.K. and Mandell, D.S., 2017. Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies.The journal of behavioral health services research,44(2), pp.177-194. Pressick, E.L., Gray, M.A., Cole, R.L. and Burkett, B.J., 2016. A systematic review on research into the effectiveness of group-based sport and exercise programs designed for Indigenous adults.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,19(9), pp.726-732. Sharma, M., 2016.Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Tulchinsky, T.H. and Varavikova, E.A., 2014.The new public health. Academic Press.