Personal Narrative

Individual Narrative-Helping Others Essay Individual Narrative-Helping Others Declining ways of life and proceeding with exportation of our employments have brought about rising feelings of anxiety for all Americans. This outcomes in negative impacts on our prosperity †intellectually, genuinely and inwardly. A few people try to decrease feelings of anxiety by utilizing liquor and medications. Some exhaust themselves, bringing about mental breakdowns. The pharmaceutical goliaths pocket billions of dollars a year from deals of sedatives, antidepressants, barbiturates, amphetamines, and other psychoactive meds. We realize we should figure out how to control worry in more secure, saner, and more beneficial ways. So we read about Yoga or Aromatherapy, or perhaps Feng Shui. We consider doing pressure the board courses. We attempt to get more exercise and outside air. We check for additives and different added substances in our nourishments, and stock up on multi-nutrients. All helpful and beneficial thoughts. Be that as it may, one pressure buster that we don’t hear much about is helping other people. A cherishing or steady act, spontaneous and unrestricted, can light up another’s life and come back to us as happiness and a feeling of prosperity. At the point when we include ourselves in helping another person, we defeat the conceited idea of our own tensions. Living in enormous focuses of populace, as such a large number of us do, regularly implies that we come up short on the collaboration and co-activity with neighbors which would have been so much a piece of my grandparents’ lives. It’s justifiable, I assume, that continually feeling our space attacked, we make a special effort to save a type of security and wind up cutting ourselves off from individuals who live just yards from us. Then again, for those of us who approach it, the Internet has brought an entire n. .y own heart is its battling for the benefit of the â€Å"unknowns† †those detainees who are tormented or in danger of death in dark conditions, and whose names once in a while arrive at the global media. You can find out about a portion of these edgy individuals at www.stoptorture.org. The scholar Reinhold Niebuhr authored a definitive articulation of strengthening: (God) award me the tranquility to acknowledge the things I can't change, fearlessness to change the things I can, and the intelligence to know the distinction. By joining in Amnesty’s work, we can change things. By each sending an Amnesty Stop Torture postcard to five companions, together we can possibly add thousands to the rundown enrollment and continually increment their impact. Would you be able to envision what number of lives could be changed, or even spared, if we all indicated somebody detained and overlooked that we truly care?

IDS compares Essay Example for Free

IDS looks at Essay These strategies typically base their presentation on two location standards as the primary assaults notwithstanding whether they are arrange or hot based design. A portion of these models are the abuse identification models and peculiarity discovery models. The abuse discovery model, the IDS thinks about the new arrangements of the parameters in the info. The application coordinates the orders of the HTTP convention where a database of marks which imply the assaults that have been distinguished and characterized before is known (Aquino et al, 2008). This model amends and improves the problematic orders when it encounters assaults. The abuse discovery model isn't the best model to be utilized and it’s utilized as an option for proficiency in the medium. It very well may be lead to the new varieties of the assaults experienced before to escape the system security. The inconsistency identification model identifies interference via looking through irregular system traffic. It distinguishes deviation by discovering designs on information from web (Aquino et al, 2008). Model The testing of multilayer feed forward system should be possible utilizing two layers which are covered up and have15 neurons each and a 5 yield neurons for a 5 potential assaults. The system is then furnished with an adaptable transmission calculation with the neurons being sigmoid. In the wake of being prepared with a dataset of 70 % it arrives at an anticipated mistake focus of 0. endless supply of the preparation succession. While picking the quantity of neurons per shrouded layer, the computation is finished by deducting the quantity of neurons in the yield layer from the quantity of contributions to the framework (Aquino et al, 2008). Focal points and Disadvantages Voip convention is a security framework which is structured so that it advances the correspondence of aural by the utilization of web (Millions, 2008). Contrasting Voip (Voice over Internet Protocol) to other security conventions, there are various focal points which settles on Voip remain the decision of numerous in the current world. In this way, Voice over Internet Protocol is effective with regards to their expense. Voip utilizes open exchanged phone arrange. The IPSec makes sure about the low level framework bundles all together for the arrangement of PCs to be ensured over unreliable channels which are comprehensive of web and recruit lines. Voip can without much of a stretch include more lines though different conventions can't. It is difficult to break into the wellbeing of the framework particularly when there is encryption. Once there is power disappointment telephones can even now be utilized (Millions, 2008). Hindrances There is event of burdens in the structure once there is an enormous downpour of data being moved in Voip. There is likewise a chance of jitter information move problem event in the framework if the correct insurances are not taken. Because of trouble in the movement of data, this can result to low update prevalence. Hence, this can result into disappointment of the voice for the last buyers (Millions, 2008). Cryptanalysis Report Organizations are confronted with the issue of getting scrambled messages from their customers. So as to help the customers, associations need to see how to decode the encoded messages. By and large, the administration of the association and the customers for the most part utilize a solitary key otherwise called the private-key in the encryption and the decoding of the messages. This sort of encryption is known as even encryption and is broadly utilized by numerous individuals. The first message is generally alluded to as a plaintext while the encoded message is alluded to as a ciphertext (Brown, 2007, p. 4). In symmetric calculation, a similar key is utilized for both the encryption and the decoding procedure (Vajda, 2003, p.3). The calculation that the sender utilizes for changing the plaintext to a ciphertext is known as figure. Since Charles Smith, a full-time partner in McKay IT administration went on an excursion for work without conveying the logbook of the security conventions, there is need of utilizing the procedure of cryptanalysis. This is strategy for code breaking the ciphertext without the utilization of the private key (Brown, 2007, p. 4). The procedure by which a unique message is scrambled is appeared by the recipe E (M) = C. in which E is the capacity of encryption, M is the message and C is the Ciphertext. For unscrambling the ciphertext, the beneficiary needs to utilize the recipe D (C) = M in order to get the first message. In which D is the capacity of decoding, C is the Ciphertext and M is the first message (Vajda, 2003, p. 1). The calculations of encryption and decoding utilize the private key known to the sender and the recipient as it were. In this way, the best possible recipe to use in both the encryption and unscrambling process is C = EK (M) and M = DK (C) in which K is the private Key (Vajda, 2003, p. 1). Cryptanalytic assaults happen when an individual endeavors a cryptanalysis of a ciphertext (Vajda, 2003, p. 3). There are various sorts of cryptanalytic assaults from the sender. Be that as it may, with the end goal of this examination, the ciphertext just assault will be utilized. This is on the grounds that Charles and I as the expert just know the ciphertext (Brown, 2007, p. 9). An individual can utilize animal power search during the time spent cryptanalysis by attempting every potential keys (Brown, 2007, p. 11). Plaintext letter are typically subbed by number, images or much other letter to frame the ciphertext. For this situation, ciphertext that have been sent by the customer has been supplanted by different letters as appeared For a powerful cryptanalysis, one has to know the sort of figure that was utilized. One ought to likewise quantify the multifaceted nature of the assault to guarantee viable cryptanalysis, for example, unpredictability of the information. Unpredictability of the information is the information sum that should be unscrambled. The multifaceted nature of the procedure additionally should be estimated, for example, the time required for playing out the assault. In conclusion, one needs to have enough stockpiling memory for the playing out the assault (Vajda, 2003, p. 6). In ciphertext just assaults, given that C1 = Ek (P1) and Ci = Ek (Pi). In finding P1 and Pi, Ci + 1 = Ek (Pi + 1). In cases, where the ciphertext just is accessible, it is difficult to recuperate the plaintext. Hence one can utilize the cryptanalysis of the Caesar figure by attempting the conceivable 25 movements of keys so as to substitute the letters in the ciphertext to get the plaintext (Brown, 2007). One method of evading the cryptanalysis is by guaranteeing that the private key is just known to the sender and the collector of the message. Individuals ought to likewise guarantee that while sending the encoded, they give the sender the trace of the key utilized. End Proper models of PC security conventions have been proposed all through the conversation. Assaults in the framework security conventions can be identified by the utilization of various models. These models incorporate the abuse discovery models and peculiarity location models. The assaults that impact the conventions lead to delays in the security framework. Administrations can be denied through a beast power assault on the server handling speed or the band width. In the event that the security capability of the server has some portion of it as verification esteem, at that point the calculation is vital in light of each capability demand which is substantial. References Alarcon-Aquino, V. , Mejia Sanchez, J. A. , Rosas-Romero, R. , Ramirez-Cruz, J. F. (2005). Recognizing and Classifying Attacks in Computer Networks Using Feed-forward and Elman Neural Networks. Procedures of the first European Conference on Computer Network Defense, EC2ND 2005. Ridges, UK: Springer Verlag. Aquino, V. A. , Clavel C. A. , Asomoza J. R, Starostenko, O. , Romero, R. R. (2008). Interruption location and Classification of assaults in High-Level Network conventions Using Recurrent Neural Networks. Recovered December 18, 2008, from http://www.articleworld.org/Technology

30 More Life Lessons From 30 Years

30 More Life Lessons From 30 Years Yesterday (October 23) was my 30th birthday. The big three-oh. To celebrate, heres another 30 life lessons to accompany Joshuas 30 Life Lessons. Oh, and please, whatever you do, dont get me any birthday gifts. 1. Its not about how people feel about you, but how you make them feel. From grade school through my freshman year in high school,  I was chubby, I was crooked-toothed, and I had low self-esteem. I was very concerned with how I looked, and I was even more concerned with how people saw me. Unfortunately, looks were everything for me; plus, I was constantly worried about hanging out with the cool kids. In fact, looking back on my friend choices, I remember blowing off some great people because they werent what I considered cool. Growing older has shown me the cool kids arent always the happy kids. I realized  what people think about you isnt nearly as important as how you make them feel. 2. Consider all advice. Oh, if I knew then what I know now.  I cant tell you how many times I heard that from my parents and grandparents growing up. Now, at age 30, I completely understand what they meant. Its amazing how much smarter our parents appear as we we get older. In many instances, if I had listened to my parents and grandparents advice, I could have avoided learning lessons the hard way. When I realized this, I told myself that even if I didnt agree with what someone was telling me, I would at least consider their advice. Thankfully, this has forced me to look into the mirror to consider what I must change. 3. Happiness comes from within. As we have written in our essays, letting our possessions define who we were quickly led to an empty feeling inside. We realized that happiness comes from within, not from the things we own. 4. Youll never be happy with more until youre happy with what you have currently. Its as simple as that. In most cases, I discovered I usually dont get rewarded in life with more until I appreciate what I have currently. 5. Forgiveness is incredibly important. I did a really good job holding grudges and keeping count of who wronged me. There is a profound saying in the bible: Freely forgive others as you forgive yourself.  When I learned how to let things go and easily forgive others, I was a much happier person. In fact, I found the bigger the wrong I forgave, the better I felt. 6. You can count your closest friends on one hand. This is also something I remember my parents and grandparents saying while I was growing up. They were right. As you grow older you find out who is actually your friend and who isnt. 7. Being honest is always the right thing. This is something I learned on accident when admitting to my grandmother that I snuck into her liquor cabinet.  I was eighteen at the time, and I was living with her. She told me if I lied to her when she asked me if it was true or not, she was going to ask me to leave her house because she wouldnt be able to trust me. Even when I have royally screwed up in life, I have found honesty punishes me less and gains trust more. 8. If you lie, you will get caught. This is very true for my life. Plus, if you lie, you will probably have to tell more lies to cover up the original lie. Its a vicious cycle. 9. Although honesty is important, I dont have to be completely transparent. Ive always had this tendency to wear my heart on my sleeve and be very blunt with my comments. Ive learned that just because something is true, I dont have to say itâ€"I neednt spew forth every thought that enters my head. 10. People are inherently good. I have been lied to, picked on, and treated badly many times, which has caused me to be a bit cynical and expect the worst out of people. This year I finally realized that even the people whove treated me poorly are still good at some level. None of us are perfect. This has helped me be less cynical. 11. Slow down. This is something I continue to work on improving: we all need to slow down, breathe, and pace ourselves when we get overwhelmed. 12. Friendly people at work arent necessarily your friends. This is another lesson learned the hard way. Be careful whom you open up to at work. 13. Stay true to yourself. If it doesnt feel right, if it doesnt feel good, if it doesnt feel like youâ€"then dont do it. Im much happier when I follow this advice. 14. Every decision matters. This is something I attempt to instill in my brothers and sisters who are still in high school. Every decision we make affects our future: there is no such thing as a zero-sum decision. 15. There is no such thing as a free lunch. Every decision we make costs us something: be it time, emotion, money, etc. 16. Act as if This is a line from the movie Boiler Room. It has stuck with me since I watched that movie over a decade ago. This could also be interpreted as: “Be the change in the world you want to be.  Either way, this line has helped me throughout my life. 17. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.  â€"Eleanor Roosevelt. You neednt care what people think or say about you. What they say or think is only true if you believe its true. Dont let anyone get the best of you. 18. Some of lifes most profound advice is found in platitudes. You can be anything you want to be,  Lifes too short,  Time heals all wounds,  Good things come to all those that wait,  etc. Dont dismiss it just because its a platitude. 19. Dont sweat the small stuff. This is something I have really appreciated with getting older. Its easier for me to avoid jealousy, its easier for me to forgive, and its easier for me to overlook the negative things in life. 20. Its all small stuff. Until you have a few life-changing experiences, this isnt clear. I have had a few close calls with myself, friends, and family which have shown me how small my problems are. 21. If you dont take care of your health, it will fade fast. I dont think I need to articulate this one any more. If youre over 30, you know exactly what Im talking about. 22. Relationships are important. This lesson brings up all kinds of cliched thoughts. First, its all about who you knowâ€"who you know can get you far. Second, relationships require workâ€"this became especially apparent after reflecting upon my relationships with past girlfriends. Knowing this has helped me tremendously with my current girlfriend: I have more patience. Third, dont burn a bridge with another person if you can avoid it: you never know who will decide your fate. 23. Live life with passion. If I didnt have passion in my life, I would be bored to death. If youre bored, focus on your passions. If you dont have time for your passions, make time. 24. If youre not growing, youre dying. If youre not growing in life, you are simply living out your days. 25. Contribute. Contributing to someone else, or to a community, will make you feel good. Contribution is what makes me feel the most alive. Contributing to others keeps me going, gets me up in the mornings, and continues to inspire me. 26. In twenty years you will regret the things you didnt do more than the things you did do. This is something I continually remind myself. Let’s take my bachelor’s degree, for example: when I was 25 and without a degree, I asked myself if I wanted to have my degree by the time I was 30, or did I want to be 30 wishing I had my degree. I dont necessarily need it right now, but Im glad I started on it when I was 25 and not 30. 27. Life is happening now! I let this slip. When I came home from work, I forgot. When I stayed up late working tirelessly for my bosses, I forgot. When I commuted over an hour to work, I forgot. Dont forget to live life in the moment. 28. Learn to let go. This was a hard lesson for me, but it serves true. Sometimes its just better to let things go. I could go on and on about how my employer wronged me, or how that guy cut me off, or how I wanted to be a CEO in ten years, but in reality none of that matters. 29. Everything changes. Things dont look different day-to-day, but when you look back ten years its all different. There is one thing thats certain: change is an absolute, and we should plan accordingly. Dont fool yourself. 30. Procrastination is useless. This is a big one for me. I realized that no matter how long I put something off, its still there the next day. Imagine that. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Cuban Writer Reinaldo Arenas - 1499 Words

During an interview in 1983, printed in the New Yorker just last year, Reinaldo Arenas was asked, â€Å"Does a writer have a duty to himself and to society?† Arenas replies that it is indeed the job of the writer to write their best, but defines that as â€Å"when a writer writes, he’s always referring to a social and historical context.† Arenas was a Cuban writer, exiled for being openly homosexual and rebelling against the Cuban government through his written works. He was also very autobiographical in his work, and as it would appear in his New Yorker interview, this is where his passion and writing flourished. Reinaldo Arenas used his own marginalized voice as openly homosexual man in Cuba and commentary on Castro’s regime to challenge the†¦show more content†¦Castro’s revolution placed the utmost importance on the society and called for a surrender of the individual. By 1965, Castro created UMAP camps (Military Units to Assist Producti on), which were agricultural labor camps operated by the Cuban government. The camp’s inmates consisted of gay men and any other â€Å"counterrevolutionary† kind of people. It was in one of these camps where Arenas placed his fictional character, Arturo, in his story â€Å"The Brightest Star.† This is a fictional story of Arturo’s experience in one of these labor camps. Arenas’ motivation for writing is very apparent in this work as he, as opposed to the Cuban regime, is in full support of the individual and their right to express themselves even in a very oppressed state, in this specific case a labor camp. Arturo is a dreamer and uses his writing to create and alternative world to rise above the real world oppression. When Arturo was first selected to be taken to the camp, Arenas employs the use of gay stereotypes by the officials in choosing who to arrest, â€Å"young men being carried out these days under the absurd pretext that one young mans hair was too long, or that another wore clothes of a certain cut or (most fatal) exhibited certain telling traits, had certain ‘mannerisms’† (65). The guards in the labor camp, as mostShow MoreRelatedBefore Night Falls Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesFalls In the novel, Before Night Falls by Reinaldo Arenas who lived from 1943 to 1990, the author conveys many subjects and captures the reader to the full extent. Reinaldo Arenas, the author and the person who lived the experience writes this book for us in hopes of capturing our feelings and sympathy of the Cuban Revolution. Arenas wrote over twenty books, including ten novels and numerous short stories and poems. Arenas was not the only writer affected though as he states that, â€Å"All the literatureRead MoreAnalysis Of Reinaldo Arenas And The Cuban Revolution1656 Words   |  7 PagesReinaldo Arenas lived and in an era of great oppression known as the Cuban Revolution, which he helped bring to power in 1959. If understood precisely, the short-story is really complex to percept. The conduct of characters is by all accounts absurdly improper and past any laws of human spirit and sound judgment. Luckily, the suggestion to the Cuban Revolution and the creator s disposition to it ge t to be evident from the first paragraphs. Death not only signifies sorrow but can also be freedom

The Write to Santa Program in Canada

More than 6,000 Canada Post volunteers, both staff, and retirees help the Jolly Old Elf with Canada Posts Write to Santa program. Every year, over a million children from all around the world, take advantage of the program by writing to Santa and receiving a personal reply. Letters are answered in the language in which the letter was written, including Braille. Requirements for Letters to Santa Via Canada Post All mail should include a full return address so Santa can answer. Be sure to mail your letter so it gets to Santa before December 14.  Santas mailing address is: Santa ClausNorth PoleH0H 0H0Canada No postage is required for letters to Santa from Canada. However, from other countries, you will need to mail them with the appropriate postage for your country to deliver the envelope to Canada where Santa and his helpers can receive it and reply. Canada Post asks parents to make sure letters to Santa do not include treats for Santa, like cookies. For the fastest delivery to Canada from other countries, its best to use standard sized envelopes and ensure you have placed the correct postage. Santa does not have an email address, according to Canada Post. You will need to send him paper mail. Receiving a Reply From Santa If you send your mail from Canada by early December, you should receive a reply in the mail by December 14, according to Canada Mail. If you dont get a reply, send another letter before December 14. Mail sent by December 14 should have a reply back to your child by December 24. Replies to other countries may take longer as they are dependent on the delivery by the mail systems of those countries.   Getting Creative With Your Childs Letter to Santa Santa and his helpers are happy to see your childs wish list. But you can enliven your letter with pictures, drawings, funny jokes, and stories telling about your childs favorite games, sports, friends, pets, and other details. This helps  brighten the mail and make it easier for Santa and his elves to craft a personal response that will delight your child. It can be a fun experience to help your child write the letter and explore what excites them and what they find most interesting in their lives. Tips for Teachers In order for Santa to write the best letters, his elves need some information about each child. Teachers may check with Media Relations at Canada Post to find templates and checklists to complete a class package of letters to Santa. Yearly requirements and tips are often released in mid-November.   To make sure your students get a response before schools and daycares break for the holidays, mail your classroom letters by December 8. Note that this date may change from year to year, depending on where weekends fall and the volume of letters experienced.

New Media Audiences and Technologies Free Essays

string(170) " its huge army of volunteers and their simple type and publish weblog mechanisms, finally found its voice, and delivered in a way the established media simply could not\." Introduction and Aims New technologies are a poisoned chalice for newspaper journalists and their audiences: at once equipping journalists with the resources they need to compete in the 21st century but at the same time threatening their very survival and forcing newspaper insiders to contemplate what Robert Rosenthal, the former Managing Editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, called: â€Å"the greatest upheaval our industry and the institution of journalism has ever faced† (Beckett 2008, p.9). I have chosen newspapers as the basis of my inquiry into new technologies because it is a medium which some have observed to be in terminal decline due to flat lining circulations (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2010), merciless redundancies (Beckett 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on New Media Audiences and Technologies or any similar topic only for you Order Now 27) and of course the rise of online journalism and new technologies (Bardoel 1999, p.379), one aspect of which is User Generated Content such as Youtube or Twitter where the audience is both a user and a producer of content (Birdsall 2007, p.1284). Web 2.0 technology has forced many commentators to reassess the ways in which both audience and audiences are understood (Nightingale 2011, p.7). We currently live in a time when both print and online newspapers exist side-by-side and in some respects we have our feet in both the last remnants of the industrial wave of technology and what has been identified by some commentators as the â€Å"information society† (Toffler 1980). Two related aspects of the decline of newspapers is the rise of online journalism and the advent of citizen journalism enabled by new technologies and symbolized by the Korean online newspaper OhmyNews. The specific focus of the secondary research and this report is citizen-journalism and User Generated Content (UGC) and their effect on media audience theories with comparison to newspapers and the traditional models of audience research which describe common features: â€Å"vertical, top-down, passive, one-way flow of information† (Birdsall 2007, p.1284). UGC comes in many different forms of course and, although as pointed out above Web 2.0 has forced many commentators to reassess media au dience theory (Nightingale, 2010 p.7), there is a lack of scrutiny of citizen journalism in media audience theories. This report hopes principally to correct some of this imbalance. The aim of this report is consequently to understand whether the traditional understanding of the media audience applies to UGC and online journalism and if not, which theory can best be applied to them without falling foul of â€Å"technological determinism† (Bardoel 1999, p.386). The core structural components of audience theory, adopting the words of Nightingale (2011), can be distilled to firstly the active passive dimension and the micro-macro dimension. Both of these dialectics can explain UGC to a large extent and the work of both Nightingale (2011) and Jenkins (1999) will both be examined to see if new media and UGC can be located within present theories of audiences and indeed whether the term â€Å"audience† is still a useful term: will the death of newspapers also bring about the death of the traditional passive audience (Lievrouw Livingstone, 2006, p.27 Valdivia, 2005, p.353)? 2.0Context (a) Traditional audience theory and definitions It is Nightingale’s (2011) analysis of the two dimensions of audience theory which is adopted for the purpose of this report and have been described usefully by Littlejohn as firstly a tension between â€Å"the idea that the audience is a mass public versus the idea that it is a small community,† and the tension between â€Å"the idea that the audience is passive versus the belief that it is active† (1996, p.310). This dual framework is a useful starting point for understanding what is now commonly perceived to be the old model and the new interactive world of UGC (Nightingale 2011, p.191). The traditional model is recognized as being one-directional and it is McQuail who produces a classic definition: â€Å"the audience concept implies an attentive, receptive but relatively passive set of listeners or spectators assembled in a more or less public setting† (McQuail, 2010 p.391). When offering a definition for audience theories McQuail puts forward three cr iteria: people, medium or channel, the content of the message(s) and time (Ibid). McQuail himself concedes, however, that Nightingale’s definition is best suited to the new media environment and implicitly acknowledges that his own definition is becoming redundant in the face of diversity. Nightingale’s definition runs as follows and embraces audience interactions: â€Å"Audience as ‘the people assembled’†¦audience as the ‘people addressed’†¦audience as ‘happening’†¦audience as ‘hearing or audition’†. (Quoted from MacQuail 2011, p.399) (b) UGC and the decline of newspapers: According to Allan (2006) it was a speech made by media mogul Rupert Murdoch in 2005 which heralded the death of the newspaper, at least in its paper and ink format, in the irresistible current of new technology. As noted above there are many explanations for the demise of the print newspaper but chief among them are flat lining circulations (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 2010), merciless redundancies (Beckett 2008, p.27) and of course the rise of online journalism and new technologies (Bardoel 1999, p.379). User Generated Content (UGC) has, in the opinion of some, shifted the balance of power between consumer and the media by enabling the public to become more intimately involved with the process of deciding the content of news (Kucuka Krishnamurthy 2007). According to Redden Witschge (2011) however, there has been no such fundamental rebalancing to the consumer or even to the audience as ultimately it is the editor and the journalist who retains control. T his approach is echoed by the experience of OhmyNews in citizen journalism where editorial control is retained (Kim and Hamilton 2006 p. 542). According to Bevans (2008), UGC is any news related material produced by the public via the internet. UGC has enabled a very radical form of reporting to flourish: citizen journalism. This is a very new concept and as such there is a lack of analysis but the term first surfaced during the Indonesian tsunami and has grown rapidly ever since. Guardian blogger Neil Mcintosh saw this as a pivotal moment: â€Å"†¦ for those watching this small, comparatively insignificant world of media, this may also be remembered as a time when citizen reporting, through the force of its huge army of volunteers and their simple type and publish weblog mechanisms, finally found its voice, and delivered in a way the established media simply could not. You read "New Media Audiences and Technologies" in category "Essay examples"† (Guardian Unlimited News Blog, 4 January 2005). 3.0 Methodology I have focused on existing research and scholarship for this report and have drawn sources from the leading theorists in media audiences as well as those commentators who described the death of print newspapers and the advent of UGC and citizen journalism. I have drawn the sources widely from books, journals and websites. I chose this methodology because I felt that small-scale empirical research would be unsatisfactory in firstly giving any kind of indication of whether or not present theories of audiences can be applied to UGC which is absolutely crucial to the focus of this work. The conceptual difficulties behind adopting any kind of surveys or any kind of qualitative research would be manifest and would have to be conducted on a much larger scale than a report of 2,000 words can allow. Furthermore this particular issue is one which can only be understood with a comprehensive look at past scholarship on media audiences. As pointed out above many commentators shy away from technol ogical determinism in hailing a new epoch and so try to explain UGC in terms of existing audience theory. 4.0 Findings and Analysis I will present the findings and analyse UGC and citizen journalism from the two dimensions elicited above from Nightingale’s (2011) framework: (a) Active passive dimension The most obvious manifestation of this dialectic where the audience is deemed to be passive is media effects research which is concerned with the negative effects of media upon the consumer. Jones Jones (1999) use the example of War of the Worlds when a radio broadcast induced panic in a huge number of radio listeners who passively bore the message without, for example, questioning its meaning. On the flip side of the coin active audiences have been well documented with Robert Fisk arguing as early as 1987 that meaning is fluid and not fixed (1987, p.14). The uses and gratification theory, which focuses on what the audience do with the message itself, was articulated by Katz, Gumler and Gurevitch (1974) and also falls under the umbrella of an active audience as classically understood. Nightingale notes that the significance of this research is not just the emphasis but the reversal of the sender-message-receiver model (1996, p.8). But what place do interaction and participation haveNightingale argues that both of these signifiers of UGC are underneath the active audience aspect with the latter encompassing participation both â€Å"in† and â€Å"through† the media. Mass media are traditionally seen, by contrast to new media, as being good for representation but terrible for participation (Peters 1993, p.566). The participation of non-professionals in the production of media output and decision making comes under the â€Å"in† of Nightingale’s model while broader issues such as self-representation in public spheres come under the â€Å"through† aspect. This latter aspect is very much a part of the Habermassian public sphere: â€Å"a network for communicating information and points of view† (Habermas 1996, p.360). The â€Å"public sphere† is where the mutual clash of arguments lends validity to democracy and importantly the web 2.0 and UGC has created an army of pr oducers who both use and create and are, in the words of Friedman, â€Å"empowered† (2005, p.9). The implication of this empowerment in a virtual space which is governed by no one nation or company is profound for audience research: â€Å"The result is that participatory media technologies that allow for the creation and distribution of user-generated content overturn traditional notions of all-powerful news media that define and restrict a largely passive audience. In other words, traditional power dynamics that separate sender and receiver are shifting and blurring.† (Anthony Thomas 2010, p.1283). (b) Micro-macro dimension This dimension, described by the tension between a mass public and a small community (Littlejohn 1996), a micro dimension and a macro dimension, has many constituent parts to it but what is consistent is that the old mass media thinking which has the audience as an unreconstructed mass is redundant when considering new media and its highly interrelated small communities, each with their own â€Å"values, ideas and interests† (1996, p.311). The model, represented by a triangle and first created by Bardoel (1995), has a so-called â€Å"meso-level† in the middle which, according to Nightingale (2011, p.197) is very rare and leads to â€Å"a definition of the audience as an organized audience†. Labour Unions, cultural groups and political parties are all within this â€Å"meso-level† of organization while at the top there resides the traditional mass media and at the bottom the new forms of interactive communication technology (Bardoel 1999, p.386). (c) Analysis It is clear that UGC and citizen journalism can be located within these traditional theories and it is not necessary to fall, in the words of Bardoel (1999, 385), into the trap of technological determinism. This is backed up by Redden Witschge (2011) who assert that the balance of power has not shifted fundamentally towards the consumer or the audience and finds resonance with Nightingale who also argues that UGC can be located without problem within existing audience theory: â€Å"If we look at the passive-active dimension of audience theory, it is hardly a surprising conclusion that UGC remains very well embedded within this debate† (2011, p.204). As we have seen the active strand hides the participation and interaction which is the hallmark of UGC and it is possible even to see that passive elements hidden in UGC such as those who simply spectate (ibid p.205). Regarding the second dimension it is also no surprise that UGC can fall within its boundaries. Nightingale (2011) uses the concept of blogging to highlight the fact that the blogosphere is considered to be a community. Further analogies can be drawn with, for example, the â€Å"facebook community† (Guardian website, 2011). Can the same be said of citizen journalismThere is certainly a community of citizen journalists but going too far and saying that such â€Å"journalists† are completely active in formulating the stories is illusory as journalists, even at OhmyNews, still retain ultimate control over the process as gatekeepers (Kim and Hamilton 2006 p. 542). Conclusions (a) Main Conclusions In conclusion it is premature to say that UGC has ignited a new communication revolution: traditional theories of audience research are able to fit new media under their wing and this suggests that the new relationships will not replace older communications relationships but add to them albeit resulting in a more crowded spectrum. Citizen journalism is a rational extension of UGC but to say it truly empowers citizens is illusory as journalists retain ultimate control. Although traditional print media is in decline it is by no means certain that citizen journalism will replace it but rather complement it: the death of newspapers has been exaggerated. (b) Gaps in the research There is currently a significant lack of research concerning UGC and a lack of understanding of citizen journalism. Ideally future research would interview members of these communities to establish how truly independent and participative they are to establish where they are on Bardoel’s pyramid (1995). The term â€Å"audience† is redundant. A more convincing etymology needs to be divined in order to move forward. As Lieuvrow notes the term is too broad, too individualistic and too material (p.8). UGC and citizen journalism are still in their infancy and so future research should wait until they are both established in society. Bibliography Books (1) Allan, Stuart (2006) Online News Berkshire Open University Press (2) Atton and Hamilton (2008) Alternative Journalism London SAGE (3) Bardoel (1999) ‘Beyond Journalism’ in Tumber, Howard (ed) News: A Reader Oxford uni press: worldwide (5) Beckett, Charlie (2008) SuperMedia: saving journalism so it can save the world Blackwell (7) Fiske, John (1987) ‘British Cultural Studies and Television’ in Allen, Robert (ed) Channels of Discourse chapel hill: University of Carolina press (8) Friedman (2005) The World is Flat Farrar, Strauss and Giroux: worldwide (9) Habermas, Jurgen (1996) Between Facts and Norms Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (10) Jenkins, H. (1999) ‘The Work of Theory in the Age of Digital Transformation’ In T. Miller and R. Stam (eds.), A Companion to Film Theory. London: Blackwell, 234-261. (11) Jones Jones (1999) Mass Media Macmillan (12) Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M. (1974). Ulilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler, E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19–32). Beverly Hills: Sage (13) Kucuka Krishnamurthy (2007) ‘An analysis of consumer power on the. Internet’ Technovation issue 27 pp47- 56. (14) Lievrouw Livingstone (2006) Handbook of New Media Sage: London, California New Delhi (15) Littlejohn, S. W. (1996). Theories of human communication, New York: Wadsworth. (16) McQuail (2010) 6th ed Mass Communication Theory Sage (18) Redden Witschge (2010) ‘A New News Order?’ in Fenton, Natalie (ed) New Media, Old News Sage: London, California, New Delhi (19) Toffler, Alvin (1980) The Third Wave Bantam Books USA (20) Valdivia (2005) A Companion to Media Studies Blackwell: USA, UK Australia Journals (21) Antony and Thomas (2010) ‘This is Citizen Journalism at its finest’ in New Media Society issue 12 p.1280 (22) Birdsall, William F. (2007) ‘Web 2.0 as a Social Movement’ in Webology, Volume 4, Number 2, June, 2007 (23) Hamilton, James W and Kim, Eun-Gyoo , (2006) ‘Capitulation to capitalOhmyNews as alernative media’ in Media Culture Society Volume 28, Number 4, July 2006 pp 551-560 (24) Peters, J.D (1993) ‘Distrust of Representation: Habermas on the Public Sphere’ in Media, Culture and Society issue 15(4) pp 541-71 Websites (25) OECD report on â€Å"the future of news and the internet† viewed on 13 December 2010 and available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3343,en_2649_33703_45449136_1_1_1_1,00.html (26) Mcintosh, Neil Guardian Unlimited News Blog, 4 January 2005 retrieved on 1st February 2011 and available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2005/jan/04/blogsnewplace How to cite New Media Audiences and Technologies, Essay examples

Public Health for Health Promotion Theory- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Health Promotion Theory. Answer: Public health program planning and evaluation have gained immense prominence in the recent past against the increasing incidences of public health issues. A rich pool of literature has drawn the attention of stakeholders on the needs of imbedding professionalism across diverse health disciplines who would be responsible for the development, implementation and evaluation of health programs in the near future. Public health program planning is to follow a set of guidelines that are based on the knowledge and experience of evaluators and planners (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 2014). Cragg (2013) points out that a number of models have emerged based on evidence that aims to chalk out a suitable public health program implementation and evaluation. Such models have been known to act as the framework based on which the planning process can be carried out. Two examples of such models are the Issel Model and the Hawe et al. Model. These models might have some common elements to them, but they ar e distinct from each other. Each phase of the models has their own set of importance and relevance to public health outcomes. The present essay is in public health program planning, implementation and evaluation, as explained through two models. The first part of the essay describes the Issel model and its five stages. The first stage of assessment of community needs and assets is critically reviewed, and its relation with other stages is established. The rationale between why it is a cyclical model is stated, and the model is compared with the Hawe et a. Model. Example from literature is cited for explaining the Issel model. The second part of the essay briefly describes the public health program Australian Indigenous Wellness Program in Australia and the importance of planning the program and implementing it. The end of the essay establishes the program strategies, objectives and goals and the importance of each of these three elements. A logical conclusion is provided at the end of the essay. Issel and Wells (2017) have put forward a constructive model for a public health program that has been refereed to as a foundational base for developing efficient public health programs across the world. The model proposed by Issel has been popular amongst its advocates due to its simplicity and relevance to modern day public health problems. It integrates the principles of resolutions to public health concerns into program operations. The aim is to uphold innovation and evidence-based practice for achieving outcome improvements and understanding program impacts. The idea is that a timely and in-detailed understanding of the further needs would save resources and help in achieving the objectives within a short span of time. This would thereby promote translation of program findings into practice. Guided by the different stages of the model, the primary approach of the programs can evolve with time. The model described by Issel allows strong collaboration between stakeholders to focus on common goals. The five stages of a public health program according to Issel are Assessment of community needs and assets; program planning; program implementation; program process evaluation and program effect evaluation. Going by the model laid by Issel, the initial stage of assessment of community needs and assets is the most crucial and important stage of a public health program. The purpose of such assessment is to learn and identify adequately the population of interest, the issues faced by the population, the trends in public health system, the major factors hindering the implementation of a public health program, the strengths of the population and the prospects of bringing improvement in the community based on the strengths. The group requiring special attention within the community would be the focus point. This phase involves the identification of the present situation of the community and the aspects that make the situation better or worse. The possible actions that can be taken for addressing the situation can be adjudged based on this data. The situational analysis of the needs of the community has to be accurate to the optimal extent in order to have a successful program (Brownson et al. 2017). The model proposed by Issel is outright a cyclical model, with the last phase of program effect evaluation being linked with a next level assessment of community needs and assets, the latter relying on the former one. This implies that the results of the program effect evaluation indicate whether there is a need for conducting a more detailed assessment of the community to understand its need. The other four stages of the model can follow after that as deemed fit. The model is distinct from the model proposed by Hawa and fellow researchers. (McKenzie et al. 2016). This model does not elaborate the phase of evaluation of the program, in contrast to the model of Issel. The number of tools and aids to be used for the evaluation phase is, therefore, less in number. In addition, the model of Issel has a major emphasis on program theory, unlike the model of Hawe. Program theory is a conceptual plan that has some details regarding how the program is expected to be carried out and what the p rogram is about. It is the comprehensive overview of the program. The model of Hawe does not emphasise on process theory and effect theory, the two prime components of program theory. It does not consider the relationship of interventions with a health problem to a detailed extent. Issel and Wells (2017) have outlined a brief example of how the public health model of Issel can be applied in practice. The program considers smoking cessation agenda. The needs of the community pertaining to the urgency of smoking cessation are to be analysed by collecting quantitative data that highlights the prevalence of smoking within the community. The next step would be to understand the factors that motivate individuals to quit smoking. The successive step would be to outline a program that ensures that individuals quit smoking within the desired time frame. The strategies need to be aligned with the objectives of the program and based on the assessment of needs and assets. For example, if the individual can be influenced by social media messages, this needs to be the focus of intervention. The following stage needs to evaluate whether the process of message dissemination is effective or not. This can be done by subjective data collection. The last stage would be to evaluate whether results of the program is effective. This can be done by collecting objective data reflecting the incidences of smoking cessation within the population in the set time frame. Australia has witnessed the implementation of a number of robust public health programs that address the diverse needs of the population at different levels. Oen such program that has drawn attention in recent times is the Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program). The program has the aim of preventing the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes among the Aboriginal communities of Western Australia. The vision of the program is to develop a sustainable community health plan that ensures that the aboriginal population is able to manage their own care with respect to diabetes. The program incorporates the prevention, management and care of diabetes. The program has been planned as a response to the diabetes prevalence among this population in Australia since diabetes leads to a huge social and economic burden for the country. The needs assessment of the population indicates that if diabetes is prevented to a considerable extent, the overall health burden c an be reduced. The impact that diabetes has on the community is targeted to be changed drastically in the coming years. The program has been established by the Caritas Australia's partner, Unity of First People of Australia (UFPA) which is an organisation dedicated to aboriginals for addressing a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes (Pressick et al. 2016). The Australian Indigenous Wellness Program has been implemented with some sound strategies in place. These strategies rest on the need for reducing the economic and social burden of diabetes. The elementary strategy considered by the program is lifestyle changes. Promotion of healthy lifestyles lies at the cornerstone of the program aimed at enhancing the lives of individuals living in remote areas. Activities are undertaken that utilises the strengths of the individuals and lead to a comprehensive spiritual, cultural and physical wellbeing. Education is provided through different stages, categorising individuals as per their needs. The care givers are supported with adequate resources, advocacy and training so that they can share their knowledge and achieve the desired program outcomes. The implementation of the program is done in such a manner that it integrates and coordinates approaches for eliminating diabetes. The prime guiding principles underpinning the programs goals include cooperation among stakeholders, facilitation of self-care, reduction of health inequalities and measurement of health outcomes (healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au 2017). According to Eldredge et al. (2016) any public health program must have a discreet set of program goal, objectives and strategies. Goals and objectives of the program are defined as the important standards and criteria against which the performance of the program can be examined. As per the authors, a program goal is the broad statement that defines the long-term expectation of the outcomes of the program. This is the desired result that the program would give rise to. Goals serve up as the basis of development of the objectives of the program. In this context, a program objective is a statement that describes the expected results of the program and how they arse to be achieved. Usually, a program has multiple objectives for a single goal. A program strategy consigns to the cautious planning of methods that acts as the tool for achieving the desired goals and objectives. It is an act of employing forces addressing the needs of the program so that the change can be brought about as de sired. Public health program goals, objectives and strategies are all intertwined and dependent on each other. All programs must have a clear understanding of where it emerges from; that is the goals and objectives. It must also be transparent about what it is striving to accomplish and how it can be accomplished; this is the strategy. Without objectives and goals there can be no outcomes, and without strategies, the goals and objectives are of no use. Strategies are the measurable aspect of the objectives and goals of the program. The items are exclusively measurable and are to be prearranged prior to the implementation of the program (Powell et al. 2017). While goals are the main desired outcome of the program, objectives are the measurable and specific results that the initiatives would have. They offer the specification about how much is to be achieved and by what time. In other words, the goals and more narrowed down by the objectives. Strategies provide direction and guidance for completing the program within the stipulated time. In addition, it facilitates the overall planning process of the program. The evaluation and monitoring of the program performance are facilitated to the optimal extent. Since the importance of a clear goal and set of objectives cannot be denied, they must not be overlooked while outlining these critical elements. Without goals and objectives, the strategies would wander without any aim (Sharma 2016). It is noted that program goals, objectives and strategies are interlinked and together ensure the success of the health program. Each of them provides the foundational ground for adjudging the achievement of the respective program. The success of the program can be thoroughly verified by aligning the results with project objectives, and right decision can be taken if strategies are to be reformed (Drain et al. 2017). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that public health programs can be conceptualised as a wide array of programmatic interventions spanning a wide social-ecological range, starting from individual level and reaching up to population level programs. Examples of successful public health programs have frequently been cited in the literature. Promoting a public health focus gives ample opportunities to exhibit the manner in which such programs target populations at different levels. The interventions and strategies behind them are unique in all respects. A wide range of concepts and practical tools are required for developing and evaluating public health programs that are considered by the evaluation consultants. The key findings from the evaluation are then to be disseminated in a manner that is understandable by the individuals of the community in order to bring about major changes pertaining to public health. Public health programs augment the interests of public heath adv ocates as they come forward as a multidisciplinary program teams to bring positive changes. A number of public health program models have been discussed in contemporary literature, each with a distinct set of salient features. Two such models include the model proposed by Issel and the one proposed by Hawe. The former model is an elaborated health program model with each stage resting on a number of principles. Though the Isser model is complicated owing to the extensive number of detailed stages, it can be commented that is a more advanced model as compared to that of Hawe model. A number of health programs are present in Australia in recent times that address the diverse needs of the population. One such program is Australian Indigenous Wellness Program that aims to reduce the prevalence of diabetes among the aboriginal population. The program is famous since it has a defined and transparent set of goals and measurable objectives. The importance of program goals and objectives are imperative and strategies to achieve the results have to be completely aligned with the objectives. Public health programs might face a number of challenges in its implementation phase, which are to be overcome through rigouros evaluation of the process and outcomes measures. It is expected that with the application of modern and advanced models, public health programs would achieve new heights. References Brownson, R.C., Baker, E.A., Deshpande, A.D. and Gillespie, K.N., 2017.Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press. Cragg, L. ed., 2013.Health promotion theory. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Drain, P.K., Mock, C., Toole, D., Rosenwald, A., Jehn, M., Csordas, T., Ferguson, L., Waggett, C., Obidoa, C. and Wasserheit, J.N., 2017. The emergence of undergraduate majors in global health: systematic review of programs and recommendations for future directions.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,96(1), pp.16-23. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S., 2016.Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. (2017).Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program) Programs and projects Key resources Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. [online] Available at: https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/programs-projects?pid=345 [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. Issel, L.M. and Wells, R., 2017.Health program planning and evaluation. Jones Bartlett Learning. McKenzie, J.F., Pinger, R.R. and Seabert, D., 2016.An introduction to community public health. Jones Bartlett Learning. Powell, B.J., Beidas, R.S., Lewis, C.C., Aarons, G.A., McMillen, J.C., Proctor, E.K. and Mandell, D.S., 2017. Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies.The journal of behavioral health services research,44(2), pp.177-194. Pressick, E.L., Gray, M.A., Cole, R.L. and Burkett, B.J., 2016. A systematic review on research into the effectiveness of group-based sport and exercise programs designed for Indigenous adults.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,19(9), pp.726-732. Sharma, M., 2016.Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Tulchinsky, T.H. and Varavikova, E.A., 2014.The new public health. Academic Press.

Catcher In The Rye Essays (927 words) - Literary Realism

Catcher In The Rye Holden Caulfield's Perception and Gradual Acceptance of the Real World. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden views the world as an evil place where there is no peace. This perception of the world does not change significantly throughout novel. However, as the novel progresses, Holden gradually comes to the realization that he is powerless to change this corruption. During the short span of Holden's life covered in this book, Holden does succeed in making us perceive that the world is crazy. Shortly after Holden leaves Pencey Prep, he checks in to the Edmont Hotel. This is where Holden's turmoil begins. Holden spends the following evening in this hotel, which was full of perverts and morons. There were screwballs all over the place. His situation only deteriorates from this point forward as the more he looks around this world, the more depressing life seems. Around every corner Holden sees evil. He looks out on a world which appears completely immoral and unprincipled. The three days we learn of from the novel place a distressed Holden in the vicinity of Manhattan. The city is decked with decorations and holiday splendor, yet, much to Holden's despair, seldom yields any occasions of peace, charity or even genuine merriment. Holden is surrounded by what he views as drunks, perverts, morons and screwballs. These convictions which Holden holds waver momentarily during only one particular scene in the book. The scene is that with Mr. Antolini. After Mr. Antolini patted Holden on the head while he was sleeping, Holden jumped up and ran out thinking that Mr. Antolini was a pervert as well. This is the only time during the novel when Holden thinks twice about considering someone as a pervert. After reviewing Mr. Antolini, Holden finally concludes that maybe he wasn't making a flitty pass at him. Maybe he just liked patting guys' heads as they sleep. This is really the only time in the novel where Holden actually considers a positive side. This event does not constitute a significant change. As Holden himself says, It's not too bad when the sun's out, but the sun only comes out when it feels like coming out. The sun is a reference to decency through the common association of light and goodness. His perception of the world remains the same. The one conviction that does change during the novel is Holden's belief that he can change the world. On his date with Sally, Holden reveals his feelings. Did you ever get fed up?... I mean did you ever get scared that everything was going to go lousy unless you did something...? Holden goes through several plans. He at one point contemplates heading out west where he will pretend to be a deaf-mute and live a quiet life. At another point, Holden proposes to Sally to escape this world with him. It is finally to his younger sister Phoebe that Holden reveals his ultimate plan. Although Holden describes the situation in a very colorful and symbolic manner, he essentially tells Phoebe that he wants to prevent children from growing up. He blames the world's corruption on adults and believes that when he stops the children from growing up, he will preserve their innocence and save the world. It takes most of the book before Holden begins to realize that he is helpless to stop this corruption. Finally, he realizes that not only is there nothing that he can do, but there is nowhere he can go to hide from it. Holden takes a while to comprehend these concepts. One good example is when Holden is delivering the note to his sister. He encounters a *censored*-you written on the wall. Holden careful rubs this off with his hand so as to protect the innocent children from reading it. Later on, he finds *censored*-you scratched into the surface with a knife. He discovers that he can't efface this one. Even in the timeless peace of the Egyptian tomb room at the museum, there is an un-erasable *censored*-you. This incident is the beginning of Holden's realization that his dreams are unattainable. Ironically enough, it is one of the innocent children whom he is trying to protect who finally helps him come to terms with this realization. It is Phoebe who challenges his plan to escape out west. As he is telling Phoebe that she can not run away, he discovers that he too can not run away. You can't ever find a place that is nice and peaceful because there isn't any. The final

Which sales job is right for you

Which sales job is right for you Maybe well-meaning friends or relatives have said to you, â€Å"You should think about getting a job in sales.† Great- now what? â€Å"Sales† can absolutely be a solid career path, but unless you already know what you want to do, it’s a vague one. There are tons of different kinds of sales jobs: field sales, retail sales, sales support, account management, and even sales engineering, just to name a few. So how do you know which path you should take?What should you look for in a sales job?Sales is a tricky field, in that the industry you work in will help determine the path. A salesperson in the tech industry has a much different career than someone working in, say, publishing sales or pharmaceutical sales. So the first thing you should consider is this: what industry interests you? Retail? Healthcare? Food? Manufacturing? Real estate? Considering the industry is a good starting point, as it can help focus your job search. The good news is that virtually every ind ustry out there has a sales component, and therefore job opportunities.Second, take a look at your personal skills and strengths. Are you good at explaining complex concepts for a lay listener? If so, you might be well-suited to a sales job in a science or tech field. Are you good at schmoozing people and maintaining relationships? You could be an outside salesperson or business development rep. Are you super organized, with an eye toward logistics? You might want to consider being an account manager and working directly with clients.Next, think about the financial logistics. Sales jobs can have a range of compensation types, including the following:Salary: Your standard yearly wage, with no commission (compensation based on what you sell). This is also known as a â€Å"zero-commission† sales job. Many salespeople who work in retail or storefronts work on this model.Commission + salary: You make a base salary, with additional commission and bonuses built in based on your sale s. Many business development professionals (like those in software or tech services sales) work on this model.Commission-only: You are what you sell. In this model, your compensation is based entirely on a percentage of your performance. Many independent sales reps (who typically sell a product or service directly to customers) work on this model.If you don’t feel comfortable with the idea of basing your finances on a future state of success, then commission-heavy jobs may not be the right choice for your long-term goals and career happiness. But if you feel secure in your ability to perform at (or exceed) a contracted level, then it can be a profitable choice, depending on your hustle and your success.And finally, you should think about the long-term success possible in the sales field. Many traditional sales jobs (think in-person or phone sales positions) are becoming somewhat obsolete, giving way to business development roles and sales jobs that rely on high-tech lead deve lopment and networking. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that travel agents, who traditionally developed sales by offering in-person services, are on the decline because their role has largely been replaced by self-service travel options. On the flip side, insurance sales and medical device/pharmaceutical sales are booming, because those industries are incredibly hot right now. So as you consider the industry and sales roles that might work for you, it’s also helpful to think (and research) about what is currently going on in Industry X sales, and where it looks like things are heading over the next few years.What types of sales jobs are out there?Now that you’re thinking about the sales career basics, let’s look at some different types of sales jobs across the field.Retail Sales RepresentativeRetail sales representatives typically work in a store and are responsible for completing sales with customers who come in. Because retail is so v aried, this can include general retail stores (think WalMart or mall stores), and also industry-specific stores like car dealerships or jewelry stores. Most retail representatives work under a base salary, but large or expensive goods like cars may be sold on a commission basis.This job is a good fit for you: If you want a 9-to-5-type sales job with a significant base salary. It’s also a good entry-level position to start building sales skills and experience.Inside Sales RepresentativeAn inside sales representative works for a company selling a specific product, service, or suite of products/services. They often have sales quotas to work with and follow a lead from the earliest stages (like research) through to completing the sale. Inside sales representatives may meet with potential customers face-to-face or on the phone, or maintain communication via email. Much of the job is spent cultivating and reaching out to potential customers, building a relationship that ideally end s in a sale, as well as follow-up like coordinating order fulfillment or setting up installation of a service.This job is a good fit for you: If you’re interested in cultivating customers and seeing the relationship through the courtship, the sale, and the follow-up.Outside Sales RepresentativeThis may be what many of us think of when we think of â€Å"sales†: a person who makes the rounds of current or potential customers, plugging a particular product or service. An outside sales rep is also known as a field sales rep, which tells you that the job may include traveling to meet customers, perform demos, or make presentations. It can be a very hands-on sales job, as you might be helping customers install a product, use a service, or troubleshoot issues.This job is a good fit for you: If you are a self-starter and a major people person, and perform best when dealing one-on-one with customers. It also helps if you already have some baseline sales experience, because fiel d reps are often sales veterans.Business Development AssociateBusiness development representatives (also called sales development representatives) are specialists at reaching out to potential new clients or customers. That can include researching potential sales targets, following up with leads (like people who came to the company looking for information, or joined a mailing list), and scouting networks for potential customers. Once a sales lead is identified and determined to be legitimate, business development reps typically hand it off to a direct sales representative. There isn’t usually a specific quota associated with business development, but some companies may base commissions on the number of leads passed along.This job is a good fit for you: If you like the thrill of the chase and are fine with handing off the sale-closing duties to someone else. It can also be a strong opportunity to build sales skills and experience.Account ManagerAccount managers are kind of the post-sales professionals. Once a client or customer is brought on board, an account manager is responsible for maintaining that business and ensuring that the customer’s needs are met. They may work with a variety of clients or focus on a single one depending on the industry and company, but almost always focus on the personal relationship between the client and their company. It‘s a role that is heavy on customer service, project management, and day-to-day operations. In addition to maintaining customer relationships, account managers may also be responsible for expanding the account, or up-selling particular goods and services. This is typically a salary position, but may have bonuses or incentives built in based on customer retention and expansion.This job is a good fit for you: If you’re more interested in operations than sales figures and in building strong and lasting client relationships instead of focusing on the sale. This can be a good sales role for pe ople who are highly organized and skilled at project management.Sales EngineerThe tech industry continues to grow, which means they need qualified sales people who can not only understand complex products or services, but also how to help match those products or services to the right customers. These sales engineers sell complex tech goods or services to customers as solutions, often selling particular software or systems to business customers rather than individual users. Sales engineers need to be able to see both the technical side of things (how the product works) and the business side of things (why the customer needs this product). A sales engineer may work with other salespeople to create presentations or answer questions for the customer, and help create the technical parts of sales contracts. They may also continue to be a point of contact as the customer is getting up and running with the product or service.This job is a good fit for you: If you have an engineering degree or a technical background, but aren’t necessarily interested in developing new products or services.So whether you’re thinking about developing client relationships or closing the deal, there is a variety of sales jobs that work with your goals, your skills, and your comfort level to help you build a long and fulfilling sales career.

Home Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Home Buying - Essay Example It possesses a momentous inheritance being built in the 1976 but comprise almost every benefit of a modern house. It has been built on a lot of acres as a 1,520 square foot condo with 3 bedrooms and 3 full baths (Weichert, â€Å"Condo for Sale in Northridge, CA†). A) The Area 1) Online Statistics a) Crime: According to the recent crime statistics presented by the Los Angeles Police Department the frequency of crimes have reduced significantly. However, in the current situation the property crimes such as, theft have increased to a certain extent (Lapdonline, â€Å"West Los Angeles Area Profile†; Los Angeles Times, â€Å"Northridge†). b) Sexual Offenders: There were ten sexual offences recorded in recent days in various parts of Northridge which can also be recognized as the neighborhood area of Rinaldi Street (Office of the Attorney General, â€Å"In Violation†). c) Density: According to the Census 2000, the neighborhood area of the selected house/condo is populated with a total number of 28,049 people (U.S. Census Bureau, â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Thus, the area is not densely populated.... According to the regulations prescribed the area is prohibited to be used for commercial purpose. The residents are also not allowed to have equine(s) in a lot area which is less than 20,000 square feet. Moreover, increasing the building over two storeys is also prohibited. However, the selected condo includes itself in the RD2 zone (American Legal Publishing Corporation, â€Å"Municipal Code, Chapter I (Planning And Zoning Code)†.). b) Walkability Ratings: On an average the area ranks 65 out of 100 in terms of Walkability. This depicts that the area is to certain extent walkable (Walk Score, â€Å"19551 Rinaldi Street Northridge CA 91326†). c) Rapid Transportation: The residents in the selected area enjoy rapid transport facilities with the transportation options available in terms of owned cars, rail roads, buses, taxis and others. The residents in the lot area also gain the benefit of various recreation centers in the walkable area (City Data, â€Å"91326 Zip Code D etailed Profile†). B) The House/Condo 1) Selling Price of Neighborhood Houses The houses/condos located in the lot area, i.e. Northridge, 91326 and possessing almost similar characteristics to that of 19551 has been recorded to have an average selling price of $300,000 (Home Insight, â€Å"Historical Sales Results†). The chart represented below shall unambiguously depict the sale prices of the neighborhood condos possessing similar features. Map Address Sale  Price Close  Date Bed Bath Sq.  Ft.    Yr.  Built 1 19547 Rinaldi St $360,000 04/07/2010 3 3 1520 1976 2 19561 Rinaldi St $320,000   03/02/2010 3 2 1404 1976 3 19569 Rinaldi St $445,770   02/04/2010 4 3 1637 1976 4 19527

For conference paper in science education Research

For conference in science education - Research Paper Example Scientific education is viewed by many experts and scholars to involve social interactions among teachers of science and students. The scope of the cultural perspective of this social interaction involves giving substantial theoretical weight to its role: seeing it, as in the Vygotskyan tradition (Vygotsky, 1963; Leontiev, 1978; Cole, 1996), to be the most important necessity to learning. This implies that when we explore such cultural perspectives, we must try as much as possible to be skeptical and critical. The most basic belief here is that we do not know why we act as we do; we only know a few reasons on a certain time scale and within a limited range of contexts. Different communities have different cultural attributes and therefore we do not know all the other reasons that arise from the functioning of our actions in far larger and more distant contexts and on longer time scales. Our individual ways of living and making a meaning are different according not only to which commu nities we have lived in, but also to which roles we chose or we were assigned to us by others- how we presented ourselves and how we were seen and treated by others. That got me wondering what is happening to the new generation. Is it the mode of delivery of the science subject? Or the teachers of science have not discovered what works best of the new generation so that they can be able to internalize concepts in science that can be able to use to venture into the field of science and make contributions to the world. This is because science is the driving force to modernization. In my paper, I hope to point out and explore the cultural ways that the teachers of science and their students are used to in the transmission of knowledge. That is , am going to discuss the known methods of learning science , The gaps that have not been filled to equip students in the field of science to become competent professional and what needs to be done to fill the gap. The first portion of this paper will provide an overview of the study of science as well as the contributions and importance of studying science in the society. The second portion of the paper will detail how the study and learning of science has been done over the years. The third portion of the paper will discuss the gaps that have not been filled in the study of science and finally, on how to implement the identified gaps in the study of science The origin of the cultural perspective to Science Education The cultural perspective of science education in its contemporary form derived mainly from the developments in social and human sciences since the 1960s. The view that science represents a unique valid approach of knowledge, disconnected from social institutions, their politics, cultural beliefs and values was strongly challenged by research in the history of science (e.g. Shapin and Schaffer, 1985). However, eventually both science education and the new scientific studies more specifically in history and soci ology took a linguistic turn and began to examine how people learned to talk and write the scientific language meaningfully and cooperatively engage in its wide range of culturally specific activities Scientific Education Every

Risk Management Of District Cooling Plant Construction Essay

Risk Management Of District Cooling Plant Construction Essay Risk, which could be defined as a hazard posed for an event or an activity, is inherent in all activities and functions of any organisation. The consequences which would arise from an organisations exposure to risk could include financial loss, disruption in operations, failure to meet the expectations of stakeholders and customers, legal concerns, political and competitive failure and so forth. Therefore it is highly necessary to implement management procedures, policies and practices that would minimise the organisations exposure to risk. Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga is project for a district cooling plant to be constructed by SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. Any failure at any phase of the project could reflect on the reputation of the organisation as a whole. Thereby, making risk management highly essential at all phases of the project. The risk management plan for the project Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga is detailed in the document, which adheres to the risk management policy of SNC-Lavalin, followed by SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC.. The risks identified are those that relate to the construction phase of the district cooling plant as SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., has a sector dedicated to the construction of the district cooling plants in the region. The document discusses the benefits of incorporating risk management in order to achieve the corporate objectives. For the purpose of the document, the Australian/New Zealand Standards AS/NZ 4360:2004 was used in establishing the risk management framework. The risk management processes for the district cooling plants are documented as common document for all cooling plants in the region considering the similarity of the construction and areas of construction. For the project Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga, the common set of risks was identified along with a few variances in relation to the construction of the cooling plant in one of the busiest areas of Dubai. The risk implementation is followed by the monitoring and review sessions in order to achieve maximum effectiveness and allow successful implementation of the project. All information in the document has been obtained through the corporate handbook, interview with the management and corporate website. Introduction SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., is a part of the global network of the Canada based engineering and construction organisation, SNC-Lavalin. SNC-Lavalin operates in about 35 countries worldwide and would have projects in about 100 countries all over the globe. SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., operates in the United Arab Emirates with its head office in Abu Dhabi. In 2004, SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., expanded its expertise in district cooling technology by entering into a partnership with international and local service providers forming a joint venture i.e. National Central Cooling Co. TABREED. SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., take responsibility mainly in the construction of the district cooling plant, either directly or through outsourcing. About the project Tabreed DM.02 Cooling Plant, Al Rigga The project for which the risk management plan is to be documented is a district cooling plant to be constructed by SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., for its client Dubai Metro. The cooling plant would be constructed at Union Square, Al Rigga, Deira and is named as Tabreed DM.02 Cooling Plant. The project would hereafter be termed as per the naming of the contractors as Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga. The contract for the construction was awarded to SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., is one of the global branches of SNC-Lavalin, which is one among the giants in the construction and engineering sector in the world. Cooling plants are one of the recent environment-friendly engineering developments. The cooling plants provide savings in power consumption in providing air conditioning and chilled water supply. Tabreed DM.02 Cooling Plant is a district cooling plant which would provide air conditioning and chilled water supply to three stations of the Dubai Metro namely Al Rigga Station, Union Square and Reef Mall Station. The total cost for construction of the project is estimated to be about AED 33.4 million which covers about 2637 square metres of land. The cooling plant would consist of four chillers, of which two would be operational and two would be standby as per client requirements. The plant would have a capacity of 500 RT (Refrigerant Tonne) which would be required for the chilled water supply for the three stations. Tabreed DM.02 would be constructed with two levels of basement considering the height restrictions. SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., have a sector which deals only with the construction of the district cooling plants in and around the United Arab Emirates and Gulf Countries. Therefore, the risk management policy, processes and approaches are created to be suited for all types of district cooling plants that would be constructed, and so does not differ from project to project unless in case of major differences in sites. Purpose The Risk Management Plan presented in the document describes the methodology used for identifying, analysing, estimating, evaluating and ultimately treating the risks for the Project Tabreed DM.02 Cooling Plant, Al Rigga. The document would define the roles and responsibilities which would assist the project management team in effective risk management of the project. The risks that would arise in the course of the construction of the project are identified and analysed using the risk management processes. Treatment plans are evaluated for a few of the risks and the risk management implementations are discussed in the document for the project Tabreed DM.02 Cooling Plant, Al Rigga. Scope The scope of the document pertains to the Tabreed DM.02 Cooling Plant, Al Rigga Project and its risk management processes and plan. The methodology used in the risk management is in accordance to the Australian New Zealand Standards 4360:2004. The risks identified in the document concentrates primarily on the risks pertaining to the construction of the cooling plant rather than all external and internal risks of the organisation. The risk management document would be used as reference through out all the phases of the project. The plan would be a deliverable along with the project management plan for the construction of the district cooling plant. The scope of the document would not include the risks relating to the organisation or the any other risks outside the construction phase as the contractors, SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., concentrate only on the construction of the cooling plant. The risks detailed in the document would encompass the engineering concerns of construction as well as the health, safety and environmental issues in the project. Glossary of Terms All terms used in the document are as per the Australian/New Zealand Standards AS/NZ 4360:2004. However few terms used in the document within the organisation are as follows: Terms Definition/Description Hazard Equivalent of risk Impact Equivalent of consequence PPE Personal Protection Equipment Probability Equivalent of likelihood Project Risk Database Compilation of all the risks encountered in similar projects and those applicable to the current project QA/QC and HSE Quality Assurance/Quality Control and Health, Safety and Environment. The department that primarily operates the risk management processes within the sector of district cooling plants in SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC.. SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. Abbreviation for SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga Project documented Risk Management Plan Risk Management is a practical, structured approach in creating a systematic procedure to identify, analyse, evaluate, control and monitor risk, thereby reducing and maintaining risks within a level tolerable to the organisations risk appetite. For the project, Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga, these risk management processes are employed during all the phases of the project in order to minimise the exposure to risk especially during the implementation i.e. the construction of the project where most risks are prone to arise. As applicable to all projects at SNC-Lavalin, an effective implementation of risk management plan in the project Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga would increase the probability of successful implementation of the project as a whole. For Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga, it would assist in achieving the triple constraints of quality, cost and time. It would play a major role in making decisions on funding priorities would also serve as a basis for identifying alternatives of the performance goals. An effective risk management plan would allow high adherence to the strict timelines of the project, which would inturn enhance the reputation of the organisation to meet project deadlines. The advantages of risk management would be creating value, providing lesser uncertainty, reducing capital cost, creating reliability of shareholders and assisting in successful accomplishment of objectives. Objectives of Risk Management Plan The aims of SNC-Lavalin for introducing the risk management plan are mainly to set up a systematic process that would integrate the risks and control measures already implemented by the organisation, to provide an assurance to all stakeholders of the organisations knowledge of its exposure to risk and implementation of steps to mitigate and manage the risks. It would also ensure that the organisation would consider risk management as a business tool which would allow focus on all areas which require management of risk. For SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., the main objectives of managing risks would be to: provide maximum safety to its employees at all levels avoid any penalties for legal or regulatory non-compliance prevent loss in relation to company assets retain the reputation of the company decrease costs related to occurrence of unfavourable events allow efficient allocation and utilisation of resource creates accountability for all activities promotes creativity in management practice Risk Management Policy SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., is guided by the corporate approach on safety of the parent organisation, SNC Lavalin, in order to match corporate standards around the globe. Safety is embedded as a core value in the WE CARE Policy (See Appendix 1) in order to carry out its mandate to protect people, properties, the environment and sustainable development of the communities while maintaining work quality in pursuing its business objectives. The policy provides the guiding principles for SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors in achieving the Zero Harm goal. The Zero Harm objective has the ideal goal setting which would eliminate all dangers of health, safety and physical well-being of the employees, through zero fatalities, zero occurrence of serious occupational health-related illness in employees and zero environmental citations from authorities. Risk management is key tool in business decision making which would allow the controlling, elimination or minimisation of all potential forms of loss. Implementation of risk management within the business processes would be able to provide protection to all its employees, customers, stakeholders, environment, assets, earnings, intellectual property as well as the organisations reputation which would maximise efficiency and effectiveness. Risk management procedures would need to be created, effectively implemented, maintained and constantly improved to match with the goals of the risk management plan. Continual identification, analysis and evaluation of risks are highly essential in order to make judicious decisions of risks. The risk management policy at SNC-Lavalin focuses mainly on the prevention and control of the occurrence of incidents that could result in personal injury, loss of life, damage to assets and properties, or any incident that may pose a threat to the environment. Although managers at all SNC-Lavalin offices have risk management as a core responsibility, all employees are to assume individual responsibility in executing risk management by reducing the likelihood and consequence of any losses or accidents. The managerial activities in implementing risk management include: training for staff in project or organisational risk management conducting surveys to facilitate identification of risks constant review of existing policies and procedures scheduling improvements in existing controls for the project or any of the business unit maintaining up-to-date information of the latest technological developments on systems, tools and process guidelines reporting to the higher management board on compliance and improvements of risks SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., as well as all subcontractors are to strictly follow the procedures relating to risk management in order to conform to the highest standards of safety in all processes of the project and organisation. The risk management processes for the document of the project Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga would be in accordance with the Australian/New Zealand Standards AS/NZS 4360:2004. Project organisation Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga is a project that would be handled by the sector for construction of cooling plants in SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. The highest responsibility is with the general manager of the sector. All the responsibility allocation is distributed as per the organisational hierarchy as shown in Figure 2. Figure Project organisation structure Each cooling plant project is handled by a project manager, who would have overall authority in decision making processes related to the project. The project manager would report to the project director on the status and any issues of the project. For any further management involvement with reference to the project, the general manager who is the managements representative would have the final authority. The risk management plan is created and monitored by the QA/QC and HSE Coordinators throughout the phases of the project, the present being Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga Roles and Responsibilities General Manager (Top Management Appointee) Provide coordination with the government interfaces and policy Timely issue of permits Monitor project security and compliance to policies Support corporate values and policies by implementing applicable risk management programs Managing contracts and agreement to varying policies of subcontractors Maintaining information pertaining to corporate risk and controls Lead the development of dynamic safety culture based on SNC-Lavalins core values Ensuring all risk management procedures are conformed by all employees and subcontractors of SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. Verification and approval of risk assessments and update on risk management plan Constant review and update of the risk management plan Reporting to the board of directors and parent company, for any risk management updates Accountable for any failure in risk management processes to the board of directors and parent company Project Director Coordination and regular updating of the project risk registers and treatment plans, leading to a compilation of a master risk management plan Continuous review and updating of the risk management plan, including risk identification and analysis processes Reporting to the general manager on constant intervals regarding updates on the existing policies and procedures of risk management Communicate all risk management standards and processes to all SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. personnel Provide overall direction and support for the implementation of SNC-Lavalins Risk Management Policies and Management Systems Attend project review meetings Ensuring sufficient resources to support approved SNC-Lavalin initiatives Lead the development of dynamic safety culture based on SNC-Lavalins core values Selection of contractors and compliance to the SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. practices of risk management Accountability for overall project performance in compliance with risk management initiatives Participate in risk assessments Review the risk assessment, elimination and control process results Provide documentation of updates on risk management plan Investigation of serious incidents Workplace inspections Accountable for failure of compliance or awareness of risk management processes among the project teams Project Manager Ensure that SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. operations comply with legislative requirements and best standards within the industry, and in reference to the standards of the parent company Reporting to the project director on constant intervals regarding updates on the existing policies and procedures of risk management, and any issues arising from risk management Communicate all risk management standards and processes to all SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. personnel Ensure that all contractors and consultants are informed of procedures, safety policies and safe construction methods prior to commencing a project Investigate on serious incidents Participate in workplace inspections Provide updates on the risk management procedures Review proposals for practical and effective risk management initiatives Accountable for any failure in project, arising from lack of risk management compliance Site Manager (the resident engineer would also comply with these responsibilities) Ensure that all the risk management policies and procedures are implemented through all the phases of the project Accountable for the overall direction and support of the implementation of the risk management processes Accountable for ensuring engineering specifications and method statements being critically reviewed in conformance to SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. policies Encourage the proactive involvement of all personnel in managing the risk management program Ensure that project supervisors take an active role in promoting and enforcing health and safety protection Enforce HSE procedures and practices Investigate injuries/illnesses, near misses and environmental incidents and communicates the lessons learned throughout SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. Ensure that Job Planning and Safety Analyses are completed and reviewed before tasks are begun Accountable for provision of adequate resources, facilities and initiatives to effectively implement risk management QA/QC and HSE Coordinators Conduct scheduled and unscheduled inspection of work areas Coordinate audits to eliminate conditions and work practices that are hazardous to the job Coordinate the thorough investigation of all incidents Review and monitor emergency Key Elements Encourage hazard identification and reporting by all site personnel Maintain a current knowledge of UAE federal standards and other applicable international standards or industry practices and communicate to the site manager and personnel Deliver internal training Attend in the site progress meeting Participate in any investigations relating any risk issues Monitor project risk policies and procedures, paying particular attention to potentially hazardous operations and emphasizing proactive solutions Coordinate contractor activities in reference to complying with the risk management policies Initiate and implement programs for the accomplishment of project risk management objectives including site emergency response plans Assist employees with all risk issues Maintain project risk recordkeeping system Recommend safety disciplinary actions to the Site Manager for deliberate safety violations committed by individuals Establish site emergency response plan, organize emergency response team and conduct training and exercise for emergency response Display and maintains materials on site bulletin boards as required Ensure that Job Planning and Safety Analyses are completed and reviewed before tasks begin Conduct safety induction and site orientation to new site employees including contractors, visitors, suppliers, etc. before mobilization to ensure that they understand and have agreed to comply with HSE policies Report all hazards to the site manager and project manager Communication Framework SNC-Lavalin operates a formally documented risk management system designed to clearly define policies, responsibilities, accountabilities and operational practices. This together with performance parameters to measure the effectiveness of the management system in operation will direct the control applied to the implementation and maintenance of the companys risk management policy throughout the organisation The System has four levels: The policy manual, to clearly define company policy and its operating policies Risk management operating procedures written as appropriate to the function to clearly define responsibilities, accountabilities and controls applied in the risk management system Work instructions, comprising of specifications, checklists, externally sourced standards, technical directives, or government legislation. Forms, templates and reports necessary for effective communication, and constitute the records generated by risk management system planning, implementation and maintenance of the risk management system. Figure Documentation process model The risk management program would be communicated to all employees within SNC-Lavalin displaying it in offices and strategic places. The involvement of all employees in the systems management ensures that they are involved in the development and review of policies, procedure changes related to the project risk matters by seeking feedback related to the same. External communication covers the following: Local authorities (Government, Municipal authority) Suppliers Interested parties Corporate head office Risk Management Framework The processes used in the risk management of Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga are in accordance to the AS/NZ 4360:2004 standards as illustrated in Figure 4. Figure Framework for developing risk management program Communication during the project Communication processes would include developing documentation of risks applicable to the project in accordance to the standards to identify the risks, assess the likelihood and consequence of the identified risks, estimate the risk level, evaluate the risks and treat the risks accordingly. In order to establish criteria for evaluating risks, it would be essential to document the criteria for establishing the likelihood and consequence for the project. This would be based on the risk appetite and tolerance of the organisation. After the evaluation, the risks that are unacceptable to the organisation would be considered for creating treatment plan. Monitoring the risk in external situations, would allow further changes to the existing controls, if necessary. A periodical review and update on the risk register would allow for changes in the risks identified. The risk management plan for the district cooling plant is documented on common stance considering the similarity of locations all around the country. However, changes would be included depending on the variance of the area from the standard description. Internally, the risk management team, which is the QA/QC and HSE coordinators in the documented Tabreed DM.02, Al Rigga project, are scheduled for meetings which have to meet on a monthly basis in reference to the project requirements, or as relevant to the demands of the project. Training Success of the project would depend on the effective implementation of risk management through out all the phases of the project, which requires risk management training to be provided to staff, contractors and managers. The skills qualifications of all personnel within the organization are essential to achieving business quality and corporate objectives. Competence of the organization and people in identifying and managing risk requires a systematic focus on behaviours, risk perceptions and skills. Training material would encompass risk management policies, application of tools of risk management, assistance in identifying and analysis the risks which the project and the organisation is exposed to, providing the profiling of risk and reporting of assurance. On recruitment, SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., provides induction training to all new employees in risk management involving safety measures, code of conduct and fraud awareness. On-site training is provided to all employees, site visitors, and vendors as a prerequisite to site deployment. Except for visitors and vendors, all site workers shall be assigned a SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. number identification in the form of helmet decal sticker signifying a worker had passed the orientation program. A regular refresher course is provided to all employees in risk management awareness on updating the risk register or every two years. Monitoring and Review The risk management system operated by SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., is subject to documented procedure and systematic program of Internal Audits. The audit procedure will direct responsibilities and controls to be applied to planning, preparing, conducting, reporting and follow-up of the risk audits. The audit program, including the schedule will be based on the results of risk assessments of the companys activities, and the results of the previous audits. The audit procedure will cover the scope, frequency, methodologies and competencies, as well as the responsibilities and requirements for conducting the audits and reporting results. The project risk registers would formally be reviewed and updated every six months, but more regular reviews and updates are conducted in reference to any significant changes in activities. With the district cooling plant projects, the common risk register would be modified after evaluation of the work site and in reference to any changes in the work activities and areas. The audits will be conducted by suitably qualified personnel and by independent of those having direct responsibility for the activity being examined. The reviews would consist of a summary risk register which would provide the overall rating to identify all levels of risks mainly the high and the medium risks across the projects. It would also include a report of the implementation of the risk treatment plans made for the previous audits and its effectiveness in the management of risks in either reducing the risk, decrease in costs associated to risk management and the progress made in the controls of risk. The internal audits will determine whether or not the risk management system conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained. Where non-compliance or opportunities to improve systems or practice are identified, appropriate corrective or preventive actions or controlled changes will be implemented. All such actions will be assigned, time limited and upon completion, reviewed for effectiveness. Where considered necessary subject to audit results obtained, the frequencies assigned on the audit program will be updated. Figure Internal Risk Audit Considerations The results of the audits will be recorded, maintained and subject to further review as an integral part of the risk management review meetings, thus assuring the effectiveness of the audit program in achieving desired goals. The performance of SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., risk management system and its suitability and effectiveness to satisfy the requirements of the zero harm corporate risk management policy would be reviewed every six months. Meetings Meetings are held at various levels in order to ensure that the project adheres to the organisations standards of safety, to create an awareness of SNC Risk Management Policy and to ensure that it is implemented in the project risk management process. Meeting Who are involved? How often? Project Executive Meeting (Overall review on the internal audits, changes in the existing risk management plan, any serious non-compliance issues) General Manager, Project Director, Project Manager Once in two months or as required by the project or in emergency situations. Project status meeting (Up-to-date information on the status of the project as well as review on conformance to the risk management procedure) Project Director, Project Manager, Site Manager, QA/QC and HSE Coordinators Weekly and in emergency situations Toolbox Talks ( Priorityissues, new instructions, lessons learned, or any job-related information that matters to the safety, health and welfare of employees, and the work environment) Contractor, SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., QA/QC Coordinators, SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., Personnel Weekly at the beginning of the work week Pre-job task instruction (the risks analysed are discussed herein in order for the crew to be aware of the proper job steps, the hazards associated with each job step (or activity) and the appropriate control measures to eliminate or reduce the impact or the probability of the hazards) QA/QC and HSE Coordinators, SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC., personnel on site Daily, before commencement of the activity Records are subject to systematic review and analysis as an integral part of SNC-Lavalin Gulf Contractors LLC. Internal Audit Plan, identify any apparent trends, prove the effectiveness of their application and identify the opportunities for continual improvement. The disposal of records at the end of their retention period will be carried out under controlled conditions designed to protect the status of any confidential or exclusive information. During project closure and demobilization, obsolete and yet classified documents exclusive to the particular project shall be shredded and recycled. Other document files shall be labelled and delivered to designated store for safekeeping. Clients would be provided access to records pertinent to the contract regulations. Risk identification Risk identification refers to the identification of potential risks exposed in a project. The deliverable of the risk identification process is the project risk register which involves the risks that could affect the ability of a project to attain its objectives. The process in which